Entanglement swapping between photon pairs generated at physically separated nodes over telecommunication fiber infrastructure is an essential step toward the quantum internet, enabling applications such as quantum repeaters, blind quantum computing, distributed quantum computing, and distributed quantum sensing. However, successful networked entanglement swapping relies on generating indistinguishable pairs of photons and preserving them over deployed fibers. This has limited most previous demonstrations to laboratory settings or relied on sophisticated methods to maintain the necessary indistinguishability. Here, we demonstrate a scalable entanglement-swapping experiment using naturally indistinguishable entanglement sources based on warm atomic vapor cells. Without sharing lasers or optical frequency references between nodes, nor the need for pulsing the sources, we achieve a swapping rate of nearly 500 pairs/s in a local configuration while maintaining the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) parameter above 2. Additionally, we demonstrate the scalability of our method by maintaining the quality of the entanglement swapping on 17.6 km of deployed fibers in New York City, relying on commercially available single-photon avalanche detectors at the spoke nodes, superconducting nanowire detectors at the hub and standard time-synchronization techniques. Our work paves the way for the practical deployment of large-scale hub-and-spoke quantum networks within cities and data centers.

Laser cooling is fundamental to quantum computing and metrology using atomic systems. Precise control often requires cooling atoms’ motional degrees of freedom to the quantum ground state, imposing operation time and architectural limitations particularly in large-scale systems. Here we demonstrate how the integrated optical control of interest for scaling trapped-ion systems additionally enables laser cooling that bypasses limitations of conventional schemes. Leveraging multi-channel integrated delivery of ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths for calcium ion control including in passively phase-stable ultraviolet standing waves (SWs), we experimentally verify a long-standing prediction by Cirac et al., realizing Doppler cooling to below the conventional Doppler limit at a SW node. We also present the first realization of ground-state cooling via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using a “probe” beam delivered as a SW with atoms positioned at a node, predicted to enable multi-mode sub-recoil-limit laser cooling. We demonstrate cooling of motional modes spanning an approximately 5 MHz bandwidth from the Doppler temperature to near the ground state within $150\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{s}$, reaching $\overline{n}\approx 0.05$ phonon number occupancies for the target mode. Direct evaluation against the comparable running-wave (RW) scheme shows the SW implementation’s simultaneous advantage in cooling rate, motional mode bandwidth, and final phonon number, as previously theoretically predicted. Our work leverages capabilities enabled by integrated optical delivery to demonstrate fast cooling of multiple modes to the quantum ground state, and more broadly how scalable approaches to optical control can enable enhancements in fundamental atomic functionalities.

Shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising nanoscale quantum sensors, yet their coherence is strongly limited by surface-induced noise. Surface adsorbates are widely believed to be a major source of decoherence. Here, we test this assumption by characterizing shallow single NV centers under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, where the diamond surface is kept free of adsorbates, and comparing their behavior to ambient conditions. Surprisingly, we observe a $\sim 4\times$ reduction in the Hahn echo coherence time $T_2$ in UHV. By combining Hahn echo measurements in the single-quantum and double-quantum (DQ) bases, we separate contributions from different noise sources and find that both electric and magnetic noise are enhanced in UHV. In contrast, $T_1$ measurements reveal an increased DQ $T_1$ in UHV, indicating suppressed electric field noise in the $\sim 100\mathrm{MHz}$ frequency regime. These results point to a modification of the surface noise spectrum upon adsorbate removal, with different frequency regimes arising from distinct microscopic mechanisms. Specifically, we find that the low-frequency noise is consistent with increased surface charge in UHV that can be compensated by surface adsorbates in ambient conditions. Our findings highlight a complex and previously underappreciated role of surface adsorbates in shaping the noise environment of shallow NV centers, with important implications for nanoscale quantum sensing.

Gibbs state preparation is an important subroutine in quantum computing. In this work we use the detectability lemma to improve Gibbs state preparation. Specifically, we design new Gibbs state preparation methods that do not rely on simulating Lindbladian evolution, thus avoiding the overhead from it. For local Lindbladians consisting of $M$ terms, this approach reduces the cost by a factor of $\mathcal{O}(M)$. We also combine the detectability lemma operator and quantum singular value transformation to implement ground state projection operators of frustration-free Hamiltonians, resulting in a quadratic speedup in the spectral gap dependence. Applying this method to Lindbladians for the Gibbs state of local commuting Hamiltonians, we achieve quadratically better dependence on the Lindbladian spectral gap.

Temporal entanglement (TE) of an influence matrix (IM) has been proposed as a measure of the complexity of simulating dynamics of local observables in many-body systems. Foligno et al. Phys. Rev. X 13, 041008 (2023) recently argued that the TE in chaotic 1D quantum circuits obeys linear (volume law) scaling with evolution time. To reconcile this apparent high complexity of IM with the rapid thermalization of local observables, here we study the relation between TE, non-Markovianity, and local temporal correlations for chaotic quantum baths. By exactly solving a random-unitary bath model and bounding distillable entanglement between future and past degrees of freedom, we identify a regime where TE is extensive and reflects genuine non-Markovianity. This memory, however, is entirely contained in highly complex temporal correlations, and its effect on few-point temporal correlators is negligible. An IM coarse-graining procedure, reducing the allowed frequency of measurements of the probe system, results in a transition from volume- to subvolume- (area or logarithmic) law TE scaling. We demonstrate the generality of this TE transition in 1D circuits by analyzing the kicked Ising model analytically at dual-unitary points, as well as numerically away from them. This finding indicates that dynamics of local observables are fully captured by a subvolume-law IM. We provide evidence that the compact IM MPS obtained via standard compression algorithms accurately describes local evolution.

The second law of thermodynamics for adiabatic operations—constraints on state transitions in closed systems under external control—is one of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics. On the other hand, recent studies of thermalization have established that even pure quantum states can represent thermal equilibrium. However, pure quantum states do not satisfy the second law in that they are not passive, i.e., work can be extracted from them if arbitrary unitary operations are allowed, and that various entropy formulas, such as the von Neumann entropy, deviate from thermodynamic entropy in such states. It therefore remains unresolved how thermal equilibrium represented by a pure quantum state can be reconciled with thermodynamics. Here, based on our key quantum-mechanical notions of thermal equilibrium and adiabatic operations, we address the emergence of the second law of thermodynamics in closed quantum many-body systems. We first introduce infinite-observable macroscopic thermal equilibrium (iMATE): a quantum state, including pure states, is said to represent iMATE if the expectation values of all additive observables, which correspond to additive quantities in thermodynamics, agree with their equilibrium values. We also introduce a macroscopic operation as unitary evolution generated by a time-dependent additive Hamiltonian, which is regarded as corresponding to adiabatic operations. Employing these concepts, we show Planck’s principle: no extensive work can be extracted from any quantum state representing iMATE through any cyclic macroscopic operations with the operation times independent of the system size. Furthermore, we introduce a quantum-mechanical form of entropy density such that it agrees with thermodynamic entropy density for any quantum state representing iMATE. We then prove the law of increasing entropy: for any initial state representing iMATE, this entropy density cannot be decreased by any macroscopic operations with the operation times independent of the system size, followed by a relaxation process governed by a time-independent Hamiltonian. Our theory thus proves two different forms of the second law, which are quantum mechanically inequivalent to each other, and demonstrates how thermodynamics emerges from quantum mechanics by adopting macroscopically reasonable classes of observables, equilibrium states, and operations.

Ground-state energy estimation for strongly correlated quantum systems remains a central challenge in computational physics and chemistry. While tensor network methods like Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) provide efficient solutions for one-dimensional systems, higher-dimensional problems remain difficult. Here we present a variational double bracket flow (vDBF) algorithm that leverages Pauli Propagation, a technique originally developed for classical simulation of quantum circuits, to efficiently approximate ground-state energies. By combining greedy operator selection with coefficient-based fluctuation truncation and energy-variance extrapolation, we obtain sub-1% relative errors for Heisenberg and Hubbard lattices of up to 128 qubits. For a $10\times 10$ Heisenberg lattice (100 qubits), vDBF obtains accurate results in approximately 2 min on a single CPU thread, compared to over 50 h on 64 threads for DMRG. Accurate results are also obtained for systems that are difficult for quantum Monte Carlo: on the maximally frustrated $8\times 8$ $J_1–J_2$ lattice and the hole-doped $8\times 8$ Hubbard model, the tightest thresholds extrapolate to within a few tenths of a percent of the best published variational estimates. We further test vDBF on the 84-qubit $\pi$-valence active space of hexabenzocoronene, where the most reliable extrapolated correlation energies agree with DMRG to within 1%. These results demonstrate that classical simulation techniques developed in the context of quantum advantage benchmarking can provide practical tools for many-body physics.

Coherent control of motional degrees of freedom of ultracold atoms in optical lattices offers a promising route toward programmable quantum dynamics with massive particles. We propose and analyze a scheme for implementing coherent rearrangement of ultracold atoms, corresponding to arbitrary unitary transformations on single-particle motional states. Exploiting an analogy between dynamics in optical superlattices and discrete linear optics, we employ the Clements scheme to systematically construct any global $N$-dimensional single-particle unitary from tunneling and phase shifts in arrays of double wells. Tunneling is controlled globally, while local operations are achieved through site-resolved potential shifts. We numerically investigate the susceptibility of the scheme to intensity noise and addressing crosstalk. We identify key subroutines enabled by this unitary construction, including the discrete Fourier transform and the implementation of non-native Hamiltonians. Extending the scheme to two dimensions enables all-to-all atomic rearrangement with a circuit depth that scales sublinearly with the atom number, providing a high-density and highly scalable approach to atom rearrangement.

The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code is an exciting route to fault-tolerant quantum computing since Gaussian resources and GKP Pauli-eigenstate preparation are sufficient to achieve universal quantum computing. However, there is a disconnect between the noise model that GKP qubits are in theory designed to correct—uniform random displacement errors—and the conditions that affect GKP qubits in superconducting devices in practice: realistic noise channels, logical gates, and inefficient measurements. In this work we bridge this gap in three ways. First, we approximate the effect loss and dephasing on approximate GKP codestates using a random displacement channel, and show that this approximation matches well with numerics. Second, we analyze the error-spreading properties of GKP Clifford gates and describe how a modification in the decoder following the implementation of each gate can reduce the gate infidelity by multiple orders of magnitude. Finally, we consider the effect of homodyne measurement inefficiencies on logical state readout and analyze a scheme to improve the measurement efficiency using the theory of quantum trajectories.

Continuously replenished optical tweezer arrays will unlock unlimited-depth quantum circuits with neutral atom qubits. A key bottleneck limiting the cycle time of these systems is removing atoms from tweezers initially loaded with more than one atom. In the conventional technique of light-assisted collisions, slow collisional dynamics limit the timescale for removing excess atoms to several milliseconds. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scheme for selectively removing one atom at a time from multiply occupied tweezers on a microsecond timescale, using intra-tweezer Rydberg blockade and autoionization. We demonstrate the protocol in ${}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ in two complementary regimes. With two-photon Rydberg excitation from the ground state, we reduce the multi-atom probability to 1% in $64.8\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{s}$, while retaining single atoms in $58.2(2)\%$ of the tweezers, which is comparable to the filling fraction achieved with light-assisted collisions under the same experimental conditions, but over two orders of magnitude faster. With single-photon excitation from the metastable state ${}^3{P}_0$, reduced single-atom loss enables a higher filling fraction of $74.8(3)\%$, at the cost of additional temporal overhead to prepare the atoms in ${}^3{P}_0$. The final filling fraction is limited by an unexplained two-body loss mechanism, which, if solved, could enable fast, quasi-deterministic loading.

The Ising model serves as a canonical platform for exploring emergent symmetry in quantum critical systems. The critical point of the 1D Ising chain is described by a conformal Ising field theory, which remains integrable in the presence of a magnetic perturbation, leading to massive particles associated with the exceptional Lie algebra $E_8$. Weakly coupling two Ising chains into a ladder breaks this integrability and is predicted to bind the elementary kink excitations of the decoupled chains, giving rise to a richer spectrum of excitations described by the ${\mathcal{D}}_8^{(1)}$ theory. Experimental signatures of $E_8$ excitations have arguably been observed in scattering studies of the spin chain material ${\text{CoNb}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_6$, but direct observation of the bound-state spectrum emerging from interchain coupling has remained elusive. Here, we probe these emergent symmetries in a Rydberg atom quantum processing unit, leveraging its tunable geometry to realize both chain and ladder configurations. We identify mass spectra consistent with $E_8$ at the single-chain critical point and, in the weakly coupled ladder, report the first signatures of the reorganization of Ising excitations into the bound-state spectrum predicted by ${\mathcal{D}}_8^{(1)}$ symmetry. Our results demonstrate the power of Rydberg platforms for investigating symmetry emergence in quantum many-body systems and provide a direct window into the interplay of quasiparticle interactions, geometry, and criticality.

We introduce a quantity called the free mutual information (FMI), adapted from concepts in free probability theory, as a new physical measure of quantum chaos. This quantity captures the spreading of a time-evolved operator in the space of all possible operators on the Hilbert space, which is doubly exponential in the number of degrees of freedom. It thus provides a finer notion of operator spreading than the well-understood phenomenon of operator growth in physical space. We derive two central results which apply in any physical system: first, an explicit “Coulomb gas” formula for the FMI of two observables $A(t)$ and $B$ in terms of the eigenvalues of the product operator $A(t)B$; and second, a general relation expressing the FMI as a weighted sum of all higher-point out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs). This second result provides a precise information-theoretic interpretation for the higher-point OTOCs as collectively quantifying operator ergodicity and the approach to freeness. This physical interpretation is particularly useful in light of recent progress in experimentally measuring higher-point OTOCs. We identify universal behaviors of the FMI and higher-point OTOCs across a variety of chaotic systems, including random unitary circuits and chaotic spin chains, which indicate that spreading in the doubly exponential operator space is a generic feature of quantum many-body chaos. At the same time, the non-generic behavior of the FMI in various non-chaotic systems, including certain unitary designs, shows that there are cases where an operator spreads in physical space but remains localized in operator space. The FMI is thus a sharper diagnostic of chaos than the standard four-point OTOC.

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes promise low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory, but many leading constructions are naturally defined on periodic lattices, whereas scalable quantum hardware favors planar architectures with open boundaries. In this work, we develop a general operator-algebraic framework and computational algorithms for constructing all gapped boundaries and defects of two-dimensional topological Pauli stabilizer codes. Starting from a truncated bulk code, our method identifies boundary gauge operators, boundary anyons, and their string operators, and then constructs microscopic boundary Hamiltonians through anyon condensation and topological-order completion, thereby eliminating local logical operators near the boundary. We establish a one-to-one bulk-boundary correspondence between bulk anyons and excitations of the anomalous boundary subsystem code, enabling fusion rules, topological spins, and braiding statistics to be extracted directly from the boundary operator algebra. For translation-invariant codes, Laurent-polynomial representations reduce these tasks to finite matrix computations based on Hermite and Smith normal forms, enabling automated constructions for ${\mathbb{Z}}_d$ qudits of both prime and composite dimension. We demonstrate the framework on toric, color, double-semion, six-semion, and anomalous three-fermion codes, and apply it to bivariate bicycle codes, revealing large logical dimensions and unusually long translation periods for anyon strings. By systematically converting bulk topological data into explicit boundary and defect Hamiltonians, our framework can serve as a foundation for constructing low-overhead planar qLDPC codes with open boundaries and for engineering fault-tolerant logical operations.

Scalable characterization of quantum processors is crucial for mitigating noise and imperfections. While randomized measurement protocols enable efficient access to local observables, inferring a globally consistent description of multi-qubit processes remains challenging. Here we introduce a local-to-global reconstruction framework for one-dimensional multi-qubit states and channels. The method is efficient provided that correlations, as quantified by the conditional mutual information, decay exponentially. In particular, we prove that under this assumption, the required number of samples scales polynomially with the system size and the inverse of the desired global reconstruction error, which we quantify by the trace-norm distance between the true and the reconstructed Choi states. Our approach is based on combining local shadow tomography with locally optimal recovery maps obtained by convex optimization. We supplement these rigorous guarantees by studying the performance of the protocol numerically for a system evolving under a local Lindbladian and a noisy, shallow circuit. By employing a tensor network representation, we reconstruct channels acting on up to 50 qubits and accurately recover global diagnostics such as the process fidelity, the Choi state purity, and Pauli-weight-resolved process matrix elements. Our work thus extends the powerful toolbox of local shadow tomography to scalable channel characterization with access to global properties.

We present a universal thermodynamic framework for quantum systems strongly coupled to thermal reservoirs, identifying the class of initial conditions required for consistent thermodynamic behavior. Unlike other approaches, our framework provides a unified description of both thermodynamic processes and thermostatic properties, while preserving the same gauge freedoms as in the standard weak-coupling regime and retaining the von Neumann expression for the thermodynamic entropy. Furthermore, the formulation is entirely in terms of the system’s reduced state, relying only on variables accessible through local microscopic control. It is therefore directly connected to experimentally accessible quantities, making it possible to address operational questions concerning the controlled system—such as determining the minimum work required to drive it between two prescribed states in the presence of a strongly coupled reservoir. We validate our approach using a paradigmatic model of a structured bosonic reservoir.

Achieving quantum state transfer in passive ways can become a powerful asset for scalable quantum networks. Here, we demonstrate how giant atoms coupled to 1D waveguides provide a platform for such a passive, deterministic transfer. Specifically, we show that when the giant atom’s extent is comparable to the width of the emitted wave packet, this wave packet can be designed to be time-reversal-symmetric by engineering the positions and strengths of atom-waveguide coupling points. We first derive general analytical conditions under which arbitrary qubit decays can be mapped to wave-vector-dependent couplings that guarantee perfect state transfer in the continuum limit of infinitely many coupling points. Then, for experimentally relevant configurations with a finite number of coupling points, we optimize the coupling positions and values. We demonstrate that the transfer fidelity can be boosted well beyond the value for a single coupling point (54%), reaching 87% with only two coupling points and exceeding 99% with ten or more. We further analyze the robustness of the protocol against disorder in the coupling points as well as frequency variations of the qubits and extend the formalism to environments with nonlinear dispersion, showing that dispersion-induced distortions can be fully compensated by judiciously chosen setups. Our results establish giant atoms as a powerful platform for realizing high-fidelity quantum state transfer and demonstrate how time-dependent control can be instead encoded into the device design.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security rooted in quantum physics, while high-dimensional (HD) encoding increases both noise tolerance and secret-key yield. Multicore fibers (MCFs), a leading platform for next-generation telecom networks, are a natural substrate for HD-QKD. Field demonstrations over deployed MCFs have so far relied on a hybrid qudit encoding strategy that combines two path (core modes) with the time-bin photonic degree of freedom, rather than exploiting the full set of available core modes. Although practical, this current approach incurs intrinsic efficiency penalties that grow with dimension. Encoding a qudit in the full set of core modes removes these penalties, but it requires the coherent control of all cores at once and has so far been restricted to laboratory settings. Here we implement a four-dimensional ($d=4$) QKD protocol that directly exploits the full set of core modes of a four-core MCF, operating over an installed MCF network across the Universidad de Concepción campus under continuous environmental perturbations. We further benchmark the scheme using superconducting nanowire detectors at 10 dB channel loss, achieving a composable finite-key rate of $R=6.19\times {10}^{-3}\text{bits}/\text{pulse}$, the highest per-pulse rate reported to date for deployed HD-QKD at comparable loss. This result establishes core-mode encoding as a viable architecture for realistic, high-rate quantum-secure communications.

Characterizing quantum systems by learning their underlying Hamiltonians is a central task in quantum information science. While recent algorithmic advances have achieved near-optimal efficiency in this task, they critically rely on accessing arbitrarily short-time dynamics. This reliance poses severe experimental challenges due to finite control bandwidth and transient pulse errors. In this work, we demonstrate that Heisenberg-limited Hamiltonian learning can be achieved without short-time control. We introduce a framework in which every query to the unknown dynamics has duration at least a prescribed minimum time $T$, and show that this restriction does not preclude Heisenberg-limited scaling. The key ingredient is a method for emulating the continuous quantum control required by iterative learning algorithms using only such lower-bounded evolution times. This reduces the learning task to sparse pure-state tomography. Notably, for logarithmically sparse Hamiltonians, our algorithm achieves the information-theoretically optimal $1/\epsilon$ scaling in total evolution time for any arbitrary constant minimum evolution time $T$. For many-body (polynomially sparse) systems, we uncover a rigorous quantitative tradeoff, showing that the minimum required evolution time can be significantly relaxed from the standard limit at a polynomial cost in total evolution time. Our results affirmatively resolve a prominent open problem in the field and reveal that high-bandwidth, ultra-short pulses are not fundamentally necessary for optimal quantum learning.

Nanophotonic traps for cold atoms typically have trap volumes that are orders of magnitude smaller than, e.g., free-space optical tweezers. This makes efficient loading of these traps challenging, thereby limiting the total number of atoms coupled to the nanophotonic waveguide. Here, we demonstrate that $\mathrm{\Lambda }$-enhanced gray-molasses ($\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{GM}$) can substantially increase the number of trapped atoms in a nanofiber-based cold-atom setup. Specifically, we observe a sixfold increase in the number of loaded atoms compared to conventional red-detuned polarization-gradient cooling. Despite the unusually small depth of our optical trap of only $24\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{K}$, we load about 4000 individual cesium atoms, achieving optical depths exceeding 140 and reaching the collisional blockade regime over a length of approximately 1 mm. After loading, we perform efficient electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-assisted cooling that is found to increase the trap storage time to 400(9) ms. This is a fivefold improvement over the passive storage time. Remarkably, we observe that EIT-cooling also works with two co-propagating nanofiber-guided light fields and requires only a few hundred picowatts of optical power. Our results provide an efficient method to boost both the number of loaded atoms and the storage time of nanophotonic atom traps.

The nonstabilizerness of quantum states is a necessary resource for universal quantum computation, yet its characterization is notoriously demanding. Quantifying nonstabilizerness typically requires an exponential number of measurements and a doubly exponential classical post-processing cost to evaluate its standard monotones. In this work, we show that nonstabilizerness is, to a large extent, in the eyes of the beholder: it can be witnessed and quantified using any set of $mn$-qubit Pauli measurements, provided the set contains anti-commuting pairs. We introduce a general framework that projects the stabilizer polytope onto the subspace defined by these observables and provide an algorithm that estimates magic from Pauli expectation values with runtime exponential in the number of measurements $m$ and polynomial in the number of qubits $n$. By relating the problem to a stabilizer-restricted variant of the quantum marginal problem, we also prove that deciding membership in the corresponding reduced stabilizer polytope is NP-hard. In particular, unless $\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{NP}$, no algorithm polynomial in $m$ can solve the problem in full generality, thus establishing fundamental complexity-theoretic limitations. Finally, we employ our framework to compute nonstabilizerness in different Hamiltonian ground states, demonstrating the practical performance of our method in regimes beyond the reach of existing techniques.