This study presents the first comprehensive Bayesian inference of neutron star matter, incorporating $\mathrm{\Delta }$-resonances alongside hyperons and nucleons within a density-dependent relativistic hadron framework. Using constraints from nuclear saturation properties, chiral effective field theory ($\chi \mathrm{EFT}$), NICER radius measurements, and tidal deformability data from GW170817, we systematically explore the impact of $\mathrm{\Delta }$-resonances on the equation of state (EOS) of dense matter and neutron star observables. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of $\mathrm{\Delta }$ baryons softens the EOS at low densities while maintaining sufficient stiffness at high densities to support $2M_{\odot }$ neutron stars. This naturally reconciles neutron star radius constraints with the recent observation of the low-mass compact object in HESS J1731-347 while simultaneously exhibiting excellent agreement with GW170817 tidal deformability constraints, reinforcing the astrophysical viability of $\mathrm{\Delta }$-admixed neutron stars. Additionally, $\mathrm{\Delta }$-resonances are found to populate the outer layers of the neutron star core, which may have implications for neutron star mergers and their cooling. Furthermore, we show that the presence of $\mathrm{\Delta }$ baryons might significantly influence neutron star cooling via the direct Urca process. We also investigate quasinormal $f$-mode oscillations within a fully general relativistic framework, revealing strong correlations between the $f$-mode frequency, neutron star compactness, and tidal deformability. With the inclusion of $\mathrm{\Delta }$-resonances and adherence to astrophysical constraints, we obtain $f_{1.4}={1.97}_{-0.22}^{+0.17}\mathrm{kHz}$ and the damping time ${\tau }_{f_{1.4}}=0.19_{-0.03}^{+0.05}\mathrm{s}$ at the $1\sigma$ confidence level.

The surprising isotropy of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) sky makes it difficult to identify their sources. Observables such as energy spectrum, mass composition and arrival directions are affected by interactions with background photon fields and by deflection in the extragalactic and galactic magnetic fields (EGMF and GMF). In this work, we simulate the propagation of UHECRs with energy above 8 EeV in magnetized replicas of the local universe, obtained from constrained simulations of the Large Scale Structure. We obtain the real magnetic deflection in structured EGMF models with realistic three-dimensional simulations. We investigate different scenarios for the UHECR source distributions and densities. The effect of the GMF can be different depending on the field model considered. In this work we consider the JF12 model by mapping the arrival directions at the edge of the galaxy to those at Earth. We study the arrival direction distribution of the propagated UHECRs, and in particular their angular power spectrum, dipole and quadrupole moments. We find that the properties of the source distribution affect the cosmic ray anisotropy more than the EGMF model considered. In particular, the low multipole components depend on both the source distribution and the density. We also find that it is difficult to simultaneously reproduce the observed dipole and quadrupole values above 8 EeV. In general, we predict too large a quadrupole strength, incompatible with observations.

We study the influence of hyperons in binary neutron star (NS) mergers considering a total of 14 temperature-dependent equations of state (EoSs) models which include hyperonic degrees of freedom and partly delta resonances. Thermally produced hyperons induce a higher heat capacity and a lower thermal index, i.e. a reduced thermal pressure for a given amount of thermal energy, compared to purely nucleonic models. We run a large set of relativistic hydrodynamics simulations of NS mergers to explore the impact on observables of these events. In symmetric binaries, we describe a characteristic increase of the dominant postmerger gravitational-wave (GW) frequency by a few percent, which is specifically linked to the occurrence of hyperons and can thus be potentially used as a discriminator between purely nucleonic and hyperonic systems. We corroborate that this effect occurs similarly for asymmetric binaries and becomes more prominent with increasing total binary mass. Hyperonic models tend to stick out in relations between the dominant postmerger GW frequency and the tidal deformability of massive stars providing a signature to identify the presence of hyperons. Distinct secondary postmerger GW spectral features are differently affected by the presence of hyperons, in the sense that one feature exhibits a characteristic frequency shift due to the specific thermal properties of hyperonic EoSs while the other does not. The average temperature of the remnant is reduced for hyperonic models. The dynamical mass ejection of mergers is tentatively enhanced for hyperonic models in comparison to nucleonic EoSs which yield roughly the same stellar properties of cold NSs. This may serve useful to identify exotic degrees of freedom in these systems by kilonova observations. Also, for hyperonic EoSs the threshold mass for prompt black hole formation is reduced by about $0.05M_{\odot }$ in comparison to nucleonic systems with the same stellar parameters of cold NSs.

We study the effects of hyperons, delta baryons, and quark matter phase transitions on $f$-mode oscillations in neutron stars. Using the density-dependent relativistic mean-field model (DDME2) for the hadronic phase and the density-dependent quark mass (DDQM) model for the quark phase, we construct hadronic and hybrid equations of state (EoSs) consistent with astrophysical constraints. Including hyperons and delta baryons soften the EoS, reducing maximum mass, while phase transition to the quark matter further softens the EoS, decreasing the speed of sound and hence the maximum mass. We confirm the well-known overestimation of $f$-mode frequencies by the Cowling approximation (by about 10%–30%) compared to full general relativity (GR) calculation, and show that this discrepancy persists across models including hyperons, $\mathrm{\Delta }$ baryons, and a phase transition to quark matter. While the discrepancy generally decreases with stellar mass, it increases near the maximum mass in the presence of a phase transition compared to EoSs without this phenomenology. We derive universal relations connecting the frequencies of the $f$-mode to the average density, compactness, and tidal deformability, finding significant deviations due to hyperons and delta baryons. These deviations could provide distinct observational signatures in gravitational wave data, offering new insights into dense matter physics and advancing gravitational wave asteroseismology of neutron star interiors. Empirical relations for mass-scaled and radius-scaled frequencies are also provided, highlighting the importance of GR calculations for accurate modeling.

This paper presents the results of a neural network (NN)-based search for short-duration gravitational-wave transients in data from the third observing run of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA. The search targets unmodeled transients with durations of milliseconds to a few seconds in the 30–1500 Hz frequency band, without assumptions about the incoming signal direction, polarization, or morphology. Using the gravitational wave anomalous knowledge (GWAK) method, three compact binary coalescences (CBCs) identified by existing pipelines are successfully detected, and a range of detector glitches are identified. The algorithm constructs a low-dimensional embedded space to capture the physical features of signals, enabling the detection of CBCs, detector glitches, and unmodeled transients. This study explores the potential of GWAK to generalize gravitational-wave searches and complement existing pipelines and demonstrates sensitivity to several classes of simulated short-duration GW transients, including core-collapse supernovae and other modeled sources, which have not yet been observed.

Lorentz invariance, unitarity, and causality enforce powerful constraints on the theory space of physical scattering amplitudes. However, virtually all efforts in this direction have centered on the very simplest case of four-point scattering. In this work, we derive an infinite web of “multipositivity bounds” that nonlinearly constrain all tree-level higher-point scattering amplitudes under similarly minimal assumptions. Our construction rules out several deformations of the string and implies mixed-multiplicity bounds on the Wilson coefficients of planar effective field theories. Curiously, an infinite class of multipositivity bounds is exactly saturated by the amplitudes of the open string.

We compute the moments of the nonlinear binary collision integral in the ultrarelativistic hard-sphere approximation for an arbitrary anisotropic distribution function in the local rest frame. This anisotropic distribution function has an angular asymmetry controlled by the parameter of anisotropy $\xi$, such that in the limit of a vanishing anisotropy ${\lim }_{\xi \to 0}{\widehat{f}}_{0\mathbf{k}}=f_{0\mathbf{k}}$, it approaches the spherically symmetric local equilibrium distribution function. The corresponding moments of the binary collision integral are obtained in terms of quadratic products of different moments of the anisotropic distribution function and couple to a well-defined set of lower-order moments. To illustrate these results we compare the moments of the binary collision integral to the moments of the widely used relaxation-time approximation of Anderson and Witting in the case of a spheroidal distribution function. We found that in an expanding system the nonlinear Boltzmann collision term leads to twice slower equilibration than the relaxation-time approximation. Furthermore, we also show that including two dynamical moments helps to resolve the ambiguity of which additional moment of the Boltzmann equation to choose to close the conservation laws.

Motivated by the updated analysis of the $G(3900)$ by the BESIII Collaboration, we perform a global analysis of the cross sections of the $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to D\overline{D}$, $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to D{\overline{D}}^{*}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.$, $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to D^{*}{\overline{D}}^{*}$ processes, especially focusing on the properties of the $G(3900)$. As the energy region of interest is limited by the next opening threshold, i.e., the $D_1\overline{D}$ threshold, we focus on the energy region [3.7, 4.25] GeV, where three charmonia $\psi (1D)$, $\psi (3S)$, and $\psi (2D)$ explicitly contribute to the cross sections. By constructing the $P$-wave contact interaction between the $(D,D^{*})$ doublet and its antiparticle in the heavy quark limit, we extract the physical scattering amplitude by solving the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. No matter whether three or two charmonium states are included in our framework, we always find a dynamically generated state corresponding to the $G(3900)$, which suggests it to be a $P$-wave dynamically generated state. We also predict several dynamically generated states in the corresponding $1^{-+}$ channel. These states can be further searched for in the electron-positron annihilation process involving the emission of a single photon.

Following up on our earlier study [J. Bardhan et al., Phys. Rev. D 107, 115001 (2023)], we investigate the LHC prospects of pair-produced vectorlike $B$ quarks decaying exotically to a new gauge-singlet (pseudo)scalar field $\mathrm{\Phi }$ and a $b$ quark. After the electroweak symmetry breaking, the $\mathrm{\Phi }$ decays predominantly to $gg/bb$ final states, leading to a fully hadronic $2b+4j$ or $6b$ signature. Because of the large Standard Model background and the lack of leptonic handles, it is a difficult channel to probe. To overcome the challenge, we employ a hybrid deep learning model containing a graph neural network followed by a deep neural network. We estimate that such a state-of-the-art deep learning analysis pipeline can lead to a performance comparable to that in the semileptonic mode, taking the discovery (exclusion) reach up to about $M_B=1.8(2.4)\mathrm{TeV}$ at HL-LHC when $B$ decays fully exotically, i.e., $\mathrm{BR}(B\to b\mathrm{\Phi })=100\%$.

We explore the supernova neutrino-boosted dark matter ($\mathrm{SN}\nu \mathrm{BDM}$) and its direct detection. During core-collapse supernova, an abundance of neutrinos are emitted. These supernova neutrinos can transfer their kinetic energy to the light dark matter via their interactions, and thus are detected in the neutrino and dark matter experiments. Because of the exponential suppression of the high-energy neutrino flux, the kinetic energy carried by a large portion of $\mathrm{SN}\nu \mathrm{BDM}$ falls within the MeV range. We consider a simplified model where dark matter interacts with both electrons and neutrinos through a light mediator. In this case, the enhancement in the scattering rate from the light mediator combined with the excitation of the plasmon resonance in silicon significantly enhances the sensitivity in experiments using low-threshold detectors, such as skipper CCDs, in contrast to conventional neutrino and dark matter direct-detection experiments. We calculate the total scattering rate induced by $\mathrm{SN}\nu \mathrm{BDM}$ and derive exclusion limits from Super-K, XENON1T, SENSEI, and DAMIC-M.

In this article we consider three inert models, namely the Inert Singlet Model (ISM), Inert Triplet Model (ITM), and Inert Doublet Model (IDM) as beyond Standard Model scenarios, and look into the running of the scalar quartic couplings at one- and two-loop levels. Interestingly, the Landau poles at one-loop and Fixed Points at two-loop have been observed for these scenarios, very similar to the ${\varphi }^4$ theory, which is absent in the Standard Model. The role of Higgs portal couplings in attaining these features has been examined. For inert singlet and triplet models, the portal couplings give rise to terms without any residual phases, enhancing this Fixed Point behavior. In the case of the Inert Doublet Model, ${\lambda }_{4,5}$ terms which have the residual phases, spoil this behavior. Finally, we consider perturbative unitarity constraints to put limits on the scalar quartic couplings for various perturbativity scales in both one- and two-loop. Larger portal couplings, i.e., $\gtrsim 2$, get strong perturbative bounds as low as ${10}^{2-3}\mathrm{GeV}$. Uncertainties of the Fixed Points, and phenomenological aspects of such scenarios are also briefed.

The minimal theory in which the baryon number is spontaneously broken at the low scale predicts new fermions, one of which is a dark matter candidate, from gauge anomaly cancellation. We discuss the production mechanisms and decays of these new fermions, which include channels with multileptons and channels with long-lived charged fermions that can give rise to exotic signatures with “kinked” tracks at the Large Hadron Collider. We evaluate the constraints on the theory from current LHC searches and measurements and briefly comment on the excess in top pair production at threshold recently reported by CMS. We also discuss predictions for the $h\to \gamma Z_{\mathrm{B}}$ decay, where $h$ is the SM-like Higgs and $Z_{\mathrm{B}}$ is the new gauge boson associated with the baryon number.

One of the standard ways to study scenarios beyond the Standard Model involves extending the Higgs sector. This work examines the three Higgs doublet model (3HDM) in a type-Z or democratic setup, where each Higgs doublet couples exclusively to a specific type of fermion. The particle spectrum of the 3HDM includes four charged Higgs bosons, two $CP$-odd scalars, and three $CP$-even scalars. This work investigates the allowed mass and coupling parameter space in the type-Z 3HDM after imposing all theoretical and experimental constraints. We extract the allowed parameter space under three distinct alignment-limit conditions or mass hierarchies leveraging machine learning techniques. Specifically, we analyze scenarios where the 125 GeV Higgs is the lightest, an intermediary, or the heaviest $CP$-even Higgs boson. Our findings indicate that while a single lighter $CP$-even Higgs boson below 125 GeV still remains a possibility, the presence of two lighter Higgses is ruled out.

The scale-dependent dipole-pion cross section is analyzed as a function of the dipole size $r$ and the impact parameter $b$. This analysis relies on the Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) evolution equation in $\mu \sim 1/r+{\mu }_0$ at the next-to-leading order (NLO) approximation, with a specific initial condition at ${\mu }_0$. The dipole-pion cross section at small Bjorken variable $\beta$ is being considered over a wide range of transverse separations $\mathbf{r}$. Using the Laplace transformation technique, we describe the determination of the dipole-pion cross section based on the gluon distribution at the initial scale ${\mu }_0$ within a kinematic region characterized by low values of the Bjorken variable $\beta$. We found that geometric scaling for the dipole-pion cross section holds approximately within a wide kinematic region of $r{Q}_s$. The cross section saturates at large dipole sizes.

The correlations ${\chi }_{11}^{BQ},{\chi }_{11}^{BS},{\chi }_{11}^{QS}$, and quadratic (quartic) fluctuations ${\chi }_{2,4}^B,{\chi }_{2,4}^Q,{\chi }_{2,4}^S$, of baryon number $B$, electric charge $Q$ and strangeness $S$ are investigated in a three-flavor PNJL model at finite temperature and magnetic field. The inverse magnetic catalysis (IMC) effect is introduced through the magnetic field dependent parameters $G(eB)$ or $T_0(eB)$, and we make comparison of the results in the cases with and without IMC effect. Since including IMC effect does not change the strength of phase transition under external magnetic field, it does not lead to qualitative difference in the correlations and fluctuations, but modifies their values. The correlations and fluctuations increase with temperature, and then show the peak around the pseudocritical temperatures of chiral restoration and deconfinement phase transitions. The peak structure in ${\chi }_{11}^{BQ}$, ${\chi }_4^B$, and ${\chi }_4^Q$ are much more apparent than in others. The correlations and fluctuations along the phase transition line under external magnetic field are characterized by the scaled correlations ${\widehat{\chi }}_{11}^{XY}=\frac{{\chi }_{11}^{XY}(eB,T_{pc}^c(eB))}{{\chi }_{11}^{XY}(eB=0,T_{pc}^c(eB=0))}$ and scaled quadratic (quartic) fluctuations ${\widehat{\chi }}_{2,4}^X=\frac{{\chi }_{2,4}^X(eB,T_{pc}^c(eB))}{{\chi }_{2,4}^X(eB=0,T_{pc}^c(eB=0))}$, with $X,Y=B$, $Q$, $S$, and $X\ne Y$ at the pseudocritical temperature $T_{pc}^c$ of chiral restoration phase transition. They increase with magnetic fields due to the increase of phase transition strength under magnetic fields. Among them, ${\widehat{\chi }}_{11}^{BQ}$ increases fastest, which may serve as the magnetometer of QCD.

We propose new transverse momentum-dependent (TMD) gluon densities in nuclei. Our method is based on a combination of the color dipole scattering formalism, within which we interpret the nuclear deep inelastic structure functions $F_2^A(x,Q^2)$ and well-established property of geometrical scaling from nucleons to nuclei. As an input, we employ the TMD gluon density in a proton that provides a self-consistent simultaneous description of the numerous HERA and LHC data on $pp$, $ep$, and $\gamma p$ processes. After fitting the relevant phenomenological parameters to the experimental data on the ratios $F_2^A(x,Q^2)/F_2^{A^{\prime }}(x,Q^2)$ for several nuclear targets $A$ and $A^{\prime }$, we derive the corresponding nuclear gluon distributions. Then, we make predictions for gluon shadowing effects at small Bjorken $x$ in their dependence of the mass number $A$. A comparison with other approaches is given.

The Nambu-Goldstone modes on the exotic chiral condensed phase with chiral and tensor-type quark-antiquark condensates are investigated by using the two-point vertex functions. It is shown that one of the Nambu-Goldstone modes appears as a result of meson mixing. As is well known, another method to find the Nambu-Goldstone modes is given by the use of the algebraic commutation relations between broken generators and massless modes obtained through the spontaneous symmetry breaking. This method is adopted to the cases of the chiral symmetry breakings due to the tensor-type condensate and the inhomogeneous chiral condensate. The result obtained by the use of the meson two-point vertex functions is obviously reproduced in the case of the tensor-type condensate. Furthermore, we investigate the general rules for determining the broken symmetries and the Nambu-Goldstone modes algebraically. As examples, the symmetry breaking pattern and the Nambu-Goldstone modes due to the tensor-type condensate or the inhomogeneous chiral condensate are shown by adopting the general rules developed in this paper in the algebraic method.

Motivated by the updated high luminosity (HL)-LHC projections for Higgs pair production from ATLAS and CMS and by the release of the FCC-ee feasibility study, we critically revisit the sensitivity of the global standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) analysis to deformations of the Higgs self-coupling modifier ${\kappa }_3$. To this end, we quantify the impact of SMEFT operators modifying double Higgs production at the LHC and single Higgs production, including loop corrections, at the FCC-ee, and include renormalization group evolution throughout. We demonstrate that significantly improving on the legacy HL-LHC constraints on ${\kappa }_3$ at the FCC-ee is not possible without the $\sqrt{s}=365\mathrm{GeV}$ run; that individual and marginalized determinations are similar at the HL-LHC while differing by up to a factor 3 at the FCC-ee; and that quadratic EFT corrections cannot be neglected, especially at the (HL-)LHC. This finding fundamentally alters the picture compared to strategic planning often based on one-parameter projections. Overall, the combination of HL-LHC and FCC-ee data offers unique potential to pin down the Higgs self-coupling with $\sim 15\%$ precision.

We propose a new approach to simulate neutrino scattering events as an alternative to the standard Monte Carlo generator approach. Generative adversarial neural network (GAN) models are developed to simulate charged current neutrino-carbon collisions in the few-GeV energy range. We consider a simplified framework to generate muon kinematic variables, specifically its energy and scattering angle. GAN models are trained on simulation data from nuwro Monte Carlo event generator. Two GAN models have been obtained: one simulating quasielastic neutrino-nucleus scatterings and another simulating all interactions at given neutrino energy. The models work for neutrino energy ranging from 300 MeV to 10 GeV. The performance of both models has been assessed using two statistical metrics. It is shown that both GAN models successfully reproduce the distribution of muon kinematics.

The response of liquid xenon to various types of ionizing radiation has been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally. Recent progress in direct detection dark matter experiments highlights the significance of composite events, where multiple particles interact with xenon simultaneously and generate overlapping ionization signatures. In these events, recombination of electrons and ions associated with different primary particles leads to additional suppression of the ionization signal, introducing a new source of uncertainty in dark matter searches and Migdal effect studies. We developed a model to estimate the recombination enhancement for overlapping low-energy particle interactions. This method, which has minimal dependence on xenon microphysics and is primarily driven by existing experimental data, yields predictions that are consistent with available measurements of composite interactions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the model predictions are robust against xenon microphysics assumptions.