This is the first report on nuclear structure of ${}_{}{}^{109}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sb}$. Excited states up to ${\mathit{I}}^{\mathrm{\pi }}$=27/$2^{+}$ and 35/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$ have been established using the reaction ${}_{}{}^{54}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}$${(}^{58}$Ni, 3p${)}^{109}$Sb and in-beam techniques. According to the particle(hole)-core coupling scheme these excited states were classified into five bands: three are based on the π${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$, π${\mathit{g}}_{7/2}$, and π${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$ states; the other two are the ΔI=1 collective bands built on the 17/$2^{+}$ state at 2651 keV and the 23/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$ state at 4487 keV. The 11/$2^{+}$→9/$2^{+}$ transition in the π${\mathit{g}}_{7/2}$ band possesses an E2/M1 mixing ratio δ>0, which suggests admixing of the π${\mathit{g}}_{9/2}$ hole state. Positive mixing ratios observed in the collective bands indicate a prolate deformation due to the (π${\mathit{g}}_{9/2}$${)}^{\mathrm{-}1}$ core excitation. In the π${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$ band, B(M1;23/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$→21/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$) was measured to be 0.040(3) W.u. Furthermore the 27/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$→25/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$ transition was too weak for a proton M1 transition. These transitions are retarded by the ν${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}$ configurations mixed in the involved states.

An in-beam γ-ray study performed with the ${}_{}{}^{121}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sb}$${(}^{19}$F,4n) reaction has established the high spin level structure of the N=78 nucleus ${}_{}{}^{138}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$. States up to I=21ħ and 8.5 MeV excitation energy have been indentified. High spin states are described in the framework of the cranking model and of the interacting boson model with broken pairs. The calculations reproduce levels up to I=18ħ including the two ${10}^{+}$ states which, from the feeding cascades, are identified as the ν${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}^{\mathrm{-}1}$ and π${\mathit{h}}_{11/2}^2$ excitations. Cranked Strutinsky type calculations predict opposite shapes for the two different types of excitations.

Low-multipolarity magnetic transitions of ${}_{}{}^{30}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$, ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$, and ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$ were studied by 180° inelastic electron scattering at low momentum transfers (q∼0.3–0.5 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{-}1}$). These measurements, made in the excitation energy region from 9 to 14 MeV, revealed several previous unreported levels. These are the first low-q results obtained by electron scattering for ${}_{}{}^{30}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ and ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$. Multipolarities and transition strengths for all the observed transitions were determined in a model-independent analysis. A large fragmentation of M1 strength is observed in the 4N+2 nuclei ${}_{}{}^{30}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ and ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$, while more strength is concentrated into fewer transitions in the self-conjugate nucleus ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$. The experimental M1 strength distributions are compared with configuration-mixing shell-model calculations. The sums of the transition strengths are in good agreement with recent shell-model calculations using an effective M1 operator.

We propose a method, using the self-consistent collective coordinate method based on the time-dependent Hartree-Bogoliubov theory, to describe nuclear rotation and wobbling motion in triaxially deformed nuclei beyond the random-phase approximation to higher orders. In this perturbation method, the zero modes can be eliminated by imposing constraints to determine the intrinsic frame: a spin-orientation frame or a principal axis frame. The basic equations on the collective submanifold are derived as canonical conditions and equations of collective submanifold. These equations are solved by an iterative method expanded with collective variables. In lowest order, the basic equations in both the principal-axis frame and the spin-orientation frame lead to the same result as that derived by Marshalek.

A microscopic description of alpha decay of odd mass nuclei is given for axially deformed nuclei. Realistic mean field+pairing residual interaction in a very large single particle basis is used. Systematics for At and Rn isotopes, as well as for ${}_{}{}^{221}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fr}$, are given. A pronounced anisotropic emission of alpha particles at low temperatures is predicted as a function of deformation for the At and Rn isotopes. This shows that alpha decay is an excellent tool to probe intrinsic deformations in nuclei.

In the quark model of the nucleon, the Fermi statistics of the elementary constituents can influence significantly the properties of multinucleon bound systems. In the Skyrme model, on the other hand, the basic quanta are bosons, so that qualitatively different statistics effects can be expected priori. In order to illustrate this point, we construct schematic one-dimensional quark and soliton models which yield fermionic nucleons with identical baryon densities. We then compare the baryon densities of a two-nucleon bound state in both models. Whereas in the quark model, the Pauli principle for quarks leads to a depletion of the density in the central region of the nucleus, the soliton model predicts a slight increase of the density in that region, due to the bosonic statistics of the meson-field quanta.

Using the complex scaling method, the low-lying three-body resonances of ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$, and ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ are investigated in a parameter-free microscopic three-cluster model. In ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ a $2^{+}$, in ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ a $2^{+}$ and a $1^{+}$, and in ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ the $0^{+}$ ground state and a $2^{+}$ excited state are found. The other experimentally known $2^{+}$ state of ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ cannot be localized by our present method. We have found no indication for the existence of the predicted $1^{\mathrm{-}}$ soft dipole state in ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$. We argue that the sequential decay mode of ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ through the resonant states of its two-body subsystem can lead to peaks in the excitation function. This process can explain the experimental results in the case of ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$, too. We propose an experimental analysis, which can decide between the soft dipole mode and the sequential decay mode.

The parity violating (PV) nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter is calculated in a relativistic Hartree-Fock approximation. Omega meson contributions are enhanced 63% by relativistic effects. However, the total PV self-energy is dominated by π and ρ contributions, which are relatively insensitive to relativistic effects. These results are used to estimate the 2${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$ to 2${\mathit{f}}_{5/2}$ PV matrix element in ${}_{}{}^{207}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$.

The energy weighted sum rule of single-particle spectral functions in nuclear matter is studied. The spectral functions include the influence of short-range correlations as generated by the Reid potential in the framework of the self-consistent Green’s function method. For the range of momenta studied, the sum rule is rather accurately fulfilled numerically (within 5%). It is observed that the high-energy tail of the particle part of the spectral function exhausts most of the sum rule, which confirms the need for the appearance of single-particle strength at very high energies.

The beta decay rate of the $1^{+}$ ground state of ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Tc}$ to the ground and excited states of ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}$ and ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$ has been calculated using a combination of the charge-conserving and charge-nonconserving modes of the quasiparticle random phase approximation theory. These results, as well as the calculated E2 decay properties of ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}$ and ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$, are compared with data. In addition, the two-neutrino double beta decay rates of ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}$ to the ground state and excited states of ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ru}$ are evaluated and analyzed using available experimental data. For completeness, the neutrinoless double beta decay rate of ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}$ is calculated and used to extract the value of the effective neutrino mass and the parameters of a general weak-interaction Hamiltonian.

The nuclear Schwinger-Dyson (NSD) formalism is presented for an application to nuclear matter. The NSD formalism consists of coupled Dyson equations of a nucleon and mesons. Because it includes meson self-energies in a nonperturbative way, higher order correlations beyond the Hartree-Fock approximation are taken into account. Some important differences between the NSD formalism for the system of finite baryon density and SD formalism of zero baryon density are shown. The main difference is due to the existence of condensed meson fields. By paying special attention to the treating of the condensed meson fields, the coupled Dyson equations of nucleon and mesons are derived based on a functional method. It is shown that this treating of the condensed fields naturally leads to two-tadpole energy, which cancels a half of the Hartree energy. A general representation of vector meson propagators is derived by using projection operators and by solving an inverse matrix problem. It is also shown that the NSD method is possible to be generalized to include sigma-omega meson mixings and new coupled meson propagators are obtained in a similar way to the nonmixed case. As a result, 5×5 components of the coupled meson propagator are expressed in terms of only four independent propagators. By using these meson propagators, explicit expressions of NSD coupled equations and the energy density of nuclear matter are derived for numerical calculations in a subsequent paper. Similarities and differences between NSD and traditional methods such as the mean-field theory or Hartree-Fock are discussed.

Numerical results based on coupled equations of the nuclear Schwinger-Dyson (NSD) without and with the sigma-omega meson mixing under a bare-vertex approximation are shown. Comparisons between NSD and traditional methods such as the mean field theory (MFT) or Hartree-Fock (HF) are made. It is shown that higher order effects beyond HF are important because they modify properties of mesons in the nuclear medium. Because of a large negative of a scalar meson self-energy, the scalar meson in NSD without the mixing works more attractively than that in HF. From a comparison between NSD without and with the meson mixing, mixing ring energies are extracted and it is shown that the mixing works repulsively and the ring energy with the mixing cancels partially the ring energy without the mixing. Nevertheless, NSD leads to smaller couplings than MFT or HF, i.e., ${\mathit{g}}^{\mathit{S}}$=8.714, ${\mathit{g}}^{\mathit{V}}$=10.678 in the nonmixed calculation, and ${\mathit{g}}^{\mathit{S}}$=7.590, ${\mathit{g}}^{\mathit{V}}$=8.462 in the mixed calculation. The NSD with the meson mixing gives a smaller incompressibility k=386 MeV than the other models. It is also shown that MFT or HF approximation is able to simulate the saturation curve of the binding energy of NSD without the mixing if their couplings are refitted so as to reproduce the experimental saturation point, however, MFT or HF cannot simulate the saturation curve of NSD with the meson mixing even if their coupling constants are adjusted.

Proton total reaction cross sections (${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathit{R}}$) have been measured for the nuclei ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}_{}{}^{44}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, and ${}_{}{}^{48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ at seven energies each between 20.8 and 48.0 MeV. The experimental results plus our previously measured ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathit{R}}$ values for ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ are compared to the results of optical model analyses, both nonrelativistic and relativistic, of an extensive set of elastic scattering data for the same calcium isotopes in this energy range. The experimental results are also compared to global optical model predictions. In general, the theoretical values are in good agreement with the experimental results, with a slight preference for the relativistic analysis. In addition, our results are used in nuclear transparency calculations, which show that over the range of energies studied, the average nuclear transparency decreases by almost 15%.

The proton separation energy of ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cl}$ has been measured to be 5143.30(5) keV in a series of overlapping and self-consistent experiments involving the study of three resonances in the ${}_{}{}^{33}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$(p,γ) reaction, using a variety of techniques in laboratories in Auckland and Florence. This figure is in disagreement with the only other published value. By combining the proton separation energy with the only measured value for the ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$ neutron separation energy, the ${\mathit{Q}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{c}}$ for the ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cl}$ superallowed decay becomes 5491.48(12) keV. Some comments are offered on the associated ${}_{}{}^{34}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$(p,n${)}^{34}$Cl threshold energy measurement.

Measurements of the differential cross section for the ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(p,n${)}^{16}$F and ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(p,n${)}^{18}$F reactions are made at ${\mathrm{\theta }}_{\mathrm{lab}}$= 0°, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 6°, and 8° with a bombardment energy of 494 MeV. Multipole decomposition methods based on the measured angular distributions are used to extract ΔL=0, ΔL=1, and ΔL=2 contributions to the cross sections. The summed Gamow-Teller strength B(GT) is computed for the excitation energy region 0–30 MeV in ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}$, and 0–12.5 MeV in ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}$. Difficulties with the decomposition methods are discussed.

The vector analyzing power ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$ and the tensor analyzing power ${\mathrm{\tau }}_{22}$=${\mathit{T}}_{22}$+${\mathit{T}}_{20}$/ √6 have been measured for ${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$${\to }^6$Li→ elastic and inelastic scattering (to the $3^{+}$0, 2.19 MeV state) at incident pion energies of 120, 150, 180, and 194 MeV. These data and earlier ones from our group are compared with new coupled channels calculations. Within the coupled channels model, the influence of different nuclear wave functions, the strength of the coupling of the ground and first excited states, and the effects of the phenomenological second-order potential were investigated. It was found that the calculated vector analyzing power ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$ depends strongly on the transverse form factor whichever nuclear wave function is chosen. In the angular region where the ${\mathit{iT}}_{11}$ data were taken the coupling of the ground to the first excited state has a minor effect on the theoretical predictions. Reasonable agreement with the data can be obtained for a large energy and angular region with the first-order potential only.

Cross sections for the reactions ${}_{}{}^{55}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$(n,p), ${}_{}{}^{56}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}$(n,p), and ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$(n,p) have been measured at an incident energy of 198 MeV, with protons observed over a range of energies corresponding to excitations of up to about 35 meV in the residual nuclei ${}_{}{}^{55}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cr}$, ${}_{}{}^{56}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$, and ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Co}$, respectively. Measurements were carried out at center-of-mass angles between 1.6° and 19.9°. A multipole analysis of the results yielded the distribution of Gamow-Teller (GT) and spin-dipole strength for each target. The total GT strength below an excitation energy of 8.5 MeV was 1.7 units for ${}_{}{}^{55}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$, 2.8 units for ${}_{}{}^{56}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}$, and 3.8 units for ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$. Shell model calculations of the GT strength distribution, carried out in a restricted vector space, show fair to good agreement with the data up to an excitation energy of 8.5 MeV, but overestimate the total strength by a factor of between 3 and 4.

We have derived the explicit expressions for calculating in-medium NN→NΔ cross sections, which are simultaneously given with the other integrands of the transport model such as the mean field, NN elastic cross section, as well as the transport equation itself based on the effective Lagrangian. Our results can reproduce the experimental data of free ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathit{p}\mathit{p}\to \mathit{p}\mathit{p}\mathrm{\pi }}^0$+pn${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$ nicely. The in-medium inelastic cross section ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathit{N}\mathit{N}\to \mathit{N}\mathrm{\Delta }}^{\mathrm{*}}$ is calculated up to twice the nuclear matter density and is in agreement with the Dirac-Brueckner calculation.

Fusion and non-fusion contributions to the intermediate mass fragment yields in nucleus-nucleus collisions near the Fermi energy domain have been calculated in the framework of an integrated theoretical model where the dynamical evolution of the colliding system leads to the formation of either imcompletely fused composite or incomplete deep inelastic and-or quasielastic fragments, which subsequently undergo statistical binary decay to yield final fragments. Salient features of incomplete fusion and incomplete deep inelastic collision processes have been studied in detail. Predicted yields from the incomplete fusionlike and non-fusionlike processes agree well with the respective experimental data. Calculated total elemental yields of the primary fragments also compare well with the experimental data in the whole range of intermediate mass fragments emitted in the Fermi energy domain. It has been observed that the secondary deexcitation of the primary fragments does not affect the total elementary yield distribution in a significant way.

Quantum-mechanical optical model methods for calculating cross sections for the fragmentation of high energy heavy ions by hydrogen targets are presented. The cross sections are calculated with a knockout-ablation collision formalism which has no arbitrary fitting parameters. Predictions of elemental production cross sections from the fragmentation of 1.2A MeV ${}_{}{}^{139}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{La}$ nuclei and of isotope production cross sections from the fragmentation of 400A MeV ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$ nuclei are in good agreement with recently reported experimental measurements.