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Quantum Sensing of Time-Dependent Electromagnetic Fields with Single-Electron Excitations

H. Souquet-Basiège1, B. Roussel2, G. Rebora1, G. Ménard3, I. Safi4, G. Fève3, and P. Degiovanni1

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Phys. Rev. X 15, 031043 – Published 14 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1nfc-stxp

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the potential of electronic interferometers for probing the quantum state of electromagnetic radiation on a chip at subnanosecond timescales. We propose to use single-electron excitations propagating within an electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the Aharonov-Bohm-dominated regime. We discuss how information about the quantum state of the electromagnetic radiation is encoded into the interference contribution to the average outgoing electrical current. By investigating squeezed radiation and single-edge magnetoplasmons probed by leviton pulses in a realistic setup, we show that single-electron interferometers have the potential to probe quantum radiation in the time domain with subnanosecond to picosecond time resolution. Our research could have significant implications for probing the fundamental properties of light in the microwave to terahertz domains at extremely short timescales.

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Popular Summary

Quantum technologies based on solid-state devices operate with electromagnetic fields that change extremely quickly—on the order of nanoseconds or even picoseconds. These fields often involve very few photons and can show unusual quantum properties. To advance such technologies, we need new ways to measure these fast, low-energy fields directly on a chip, especially at very short timescales. In this study, we propose a novel method that uses single electrons as probes for these elusive electromagnetic fields.

Our approach involves sending single electrons through a tiny on-chip interferometer, which splits their path into two branches. One path is exposed to the electromagnetic field, while the other is shielded. By comparing how electrons behave in each path, we can gather detailed information about the field. This setup works similarly to radar or LIDAR, but in reverse—here, electrons are used to probe the electromagnetic environment instead of light probing matter. Thanks to recent progress in generating short electron pulses, we can now use electron wave packets that last only a few tens of picoseconds, allowing for extremely time-resolved measurements. Importantly, this technique can detect not only the strength of the field but also its quantum fluctuations, which are usually very hard to measure directly.

This “electron radar” could help us explore even faster timescales, especially in electron microscopy where quantum electron beam control has already been demonstrated. It may also lead to new tools for manipulating quantum electromagnetic fields directly on-chip, by using the feedback from the electrons that probe them.

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  123. Note that |Sq0⟩=|0⟩.

Outline

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Phys. Rev. X 15, 031043– Published 14 August, 2025
  • Received 18 June 2024
  • Revised 23 December 2024
  • Accepted 3 June 2025
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