A systematic, constructive and self-consistent procedure to quantify nonlocal, nondiffusive action at a distance in plasma turbulence is exposed and applied to turbulent heat fluxes computed from the state-of-the-art full-$f$, flux-driven gyrokinetic GYSELA and XGC1 codes. A striking commonality is found: heat transport below a dynamically selected mesoscale has the structure of a Lévy distribution, is strongly nonlocal, nondiffusive, scale-free, and avalanche mediated; at larger scales, we report the observation of a self-organized flow structure which we call the “$\mathbf{E}\times \mathbf{B}$ staircase” after its planetary analog.

We study evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma game by considering adaptive strategy-selection time scale among individuals according to a “win-slower, lose-faster” rule: if an individual successfully resists the invasion of an opponent, she is prone to hold her strategy for longer time through decreasing her strategy-selection time scale; otherwise, she increases the time scale because of losing. We find that the greater the losers increase their strategy-selection time scales, the better for cooperation. Interestingly, optimal cooperation can be induced by proper adaptive rate in the strategy-selection time scale. Our results may have potential implications in the design of consensus protocol in multiagent systems.

As the fabrication of wavelength-scale optical microcavities is becoming feasible, extended ray models which include first-order wave corrections have attracted considerable interest. By using such a model, we find an unexpected shift of phase-space structures in momentum direction which can be attributed to the Goos-Hänchen shift in position direction and the boundary curvature (“periodic orbit shift,” POS); this shift is calculated analytically for a general cavity shape. By comparing it to wave calculations in the special case of a limaçon-shaped microcavity, it is shown that mode localization occurs on the shifted, rather than the original, phase-space structures. Comparing of our analytical result to literature data, we find good agreement, which suggests that the POS may be responsible for many cases of previously reported, but unexplained, mismatches between Husimi functions and the ray-dynamical phase space.

A filament flapping in the bow wake of a rigid body is considered in order to study the hydrodynamic interaction between flexible and rigid bodies in tandem arrangement. Both numerical and experimental methods are adopted to analyze the motion of the filament, and the drag force on both bodies is computed. It is shown that the results largely depend on the gap between the two objects and the Reynolds number. The flexible body may have larger vibration amplitude but meanwhile experience a reduced drag force. On the other hand, the trailing rigid body enjoys a drag reduction. The qualitative behavior of the filament is independent of the filament’s length and mass ratio or the shape of the rigid body for the parameter regime considered. The result is in contrast with the interaction between two rigid or two flexible objects in tandem arrangement, and it may provide a physical insight into the understanding of the aquatic animals swimming in the bow wake of ships or staying in the bow wake of stationary structures.

Experimental equations of state on generation of nonideal xenon plasma by intense shock wave compression was presented in the ranges of pressure of 2–16 GPa and temperature of 31–50 kK, and the xenon plasma with the nonideal coupling parameter $\Gamma$ range from 0.6–2.1 was generated. The shock wave was produced using the flyer plate impact and accelerated up to $\sim 6\text{km}/\text{s}$ with a two-stage light gas gun. Gaseous specimens were shocked from two initial pressures of 0.80 and 4.72 MPa at room temperature. Time-resolved spectral radiation histories were recorded by using a multiwavelength channel pyrometer. The transient spectra with the wavelength range of 460–700 nm were recorded by using a spectrometer to evaluate the shock temperature. Shock velocity was measured and particle velocity was determined by the impedance matching methods. The equations of state of xenon plasma and ionization degree have been discussed in terms of the self-consistent fluid variational theory.

We propose a continuum model for steady, fully developed saltation above a horizontal particle bed that provides local, analytical expressions for the particle pressure and shear stress. This analytical approach contrasts with discrete numerical simulations in which the trajectories of individual particles are computed as they interact with gravity, the wind, and the bed. The continuum model has the advantage that it can easily be extended to nonuniform and unsteady situations. We employ it to predict the fields of concentration, particle velocity, and wind velocity in steady, fully developed saltation above a particle bed over a range of wind speeds. The predicted profiles are in good agreement with those measured in wind tunnel experiments.

We present a random walk model that exhibits asymptotic subdiffusive, diffusive, or superdiffusive behavior in different parameter regimes. This appears to be an instance of a single random walk model leading to all three forms of behavior by simply changing parameter values. Furthermore, the model offers the great advantage of analytical tractability. Our model is non-Markovian in that the next jump of the walker is (probabilistically) determined by the history of past jumps. It also has elements of intermittency in that one possibility at each step is that the walker does not move at all. This rich encompassing scenario arising from a single model provides useful insights into the source of different types of asymptotic behavior.

We study the spontaneous formation of quantum dots in the form of three-dimensional (3D) islands on facetted surfaces in heteroepitaxy. Island development from fast kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations at low deposition rates is found to follow a layer-by-layer nucleation pathway characterized by energetics driven continuous lateral expansion interrupted by a sequence of independent two-dimensional (2D) upper-layer nucleation events. The process involves only unstable 2D upper-layer nuclei but no unstable 3D nucleus. We have calculated analytically the elastic strain energy of an island in the form of an axisymmetric stepped mound using a small-slope approximation. The total free energy of a system with a 3D island and an adatom bath is obtained. Our theory explains island formation via a free energy driven layer-by-layer nucleation mechanism. Upper-layer nucleation energy barrier, nucleation time, critical radius, and island step spacings are estimated. The relevance of entropic step-step repulsion is discussed. Our theory satisfactorily explains the 3D KMC simulations and may describe the initial evolution of islands in the form of stepped mounds observed in experiments.

We consider a theoretical model for the chiral smectic $A$ twisted ribbons observed in assemblies of $fd$ viruses condensed by depletion forces. The depletion interaction is modeled by an edge energy assumed to be proportional to the depletant polymer in solution. Our model is based on the Helfrich energy for surface bending and the de Gennes model of chiral smectic $A$ liquid crystals with twist penetration at the edge. We consider two variants of this model, one with the conventional Helfrich Gaussian curvature term, and a second with saddle-splay energy. A mean field analysis of both models yields a first-order phase transition between ribbons and semi-infinite flat membranes as the edge energy is varied. The phase transition line and tilt angle profile are found to be nearly identical for the two models; the pitch of the ribbon, however, does show some differences. Our model yields good qualitative agreement with experimental observations if the sign of the Gaussian curvature or saddle-splay modulus is chosen to favor negative Gaussian curvature.

Correlation diagrams of energy levels using $\hslash$ as the varying parameter have proven very useful in the characterization of quantum vibrational dynamics of small polyatomic molecules, specially in relation to the transition from order to chaos. In this paper, we present calculations of such correlation diagrams for three molecular systems with very different characteristics, which can be traced down to the topology of their potential energy surfaces. By studying the broad avoided crossings existing in the diagrams, we show that the transition from regular to irregular states always corresponds to a frontier formed by scarred states.

We theoretically demonstrate a classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an acoustic structure. Each unit in the proposed structure consists of two square polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) rods with one rod rotating $45°$ relative to the other. Both square rods can support certain surface resonant modes respectively, which have almost identical resonant frequencies but highly different quality factors. Thus, the two resonant modes can act as radiative mode and dark mode in the analog, respectively, and the destructive interference of them results in EIT-like transmission effect in our structure.

We study the effects of interstitial fluid viscosity on the rates of dynamical processes in a thin rotating drum half-filled with monodisperse glass beads. The rotating speed is fixed at the rolling regime such that a continuously flowing layer of beads persists at the free surface. While the characteristic speed of a bead in the flowing layer decreases with the fluid viscosity $\mu$, the mixing rate of the beads is found to increase with $\mu$. These findings are consistent to a simple model related to the thickness of the flowing layer. In addition, our results indicate a possible transition from the inertial limit regime to the viscous limit regime (reported previously by S. Courrech du Pont et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 044301 (2003)]) when the Stokes number is reduced.

Spectral properties of the reduced density matrix (RDM) of permutational invariant quantum many-body systems are investigated. The RDM block diagonalization which accounts for all symmetries of the Hamiltonian is achieved. The analytical expression of the RDM spectrum is provided for arbitrary parameters and rigorously proved in the thermodynamical limit. The existence of several sum rules and recurrence relations among RDM eigenvalues is also demonstrated and the distribution function of RDM eigenvalues (including degeneracies) characterized. In particular, we prove that the distribution function approaches a two-dimensional Gaussian in the limit of large subsystem sizes $n⪢1$. As a physical application we discuss the von Neumann entropy (VNE) of a block of size $n$ for a system of hard-core bosons on a complete graph, as a function of $n$ and of the temperature $T$. The occurrence of a crossover of VNE from purely logarithmic behavior at $T=0$ to a purely linear behavior in $n$ for $T\ge T_c$, is demonstrated.

We propose a formulation of stochastic thermodynamics for systems subjected to nonequilibrium constraints (i.e. broken detailed balance at steady state) and furthermore driven by external time-dependent forces. A splitting of the second law occurs in this description leading to three second-law-like relations. The general results are illustrated on specific solvable models. The present paper uses a master equation based approach.

The total entropy production is the sum of two contributions, the so-called adiabatic and nonadiabatic entropy productions, each of which is non-negative. We derive their explicit expressions for continuous Markovian processes, discuss their properties, and illustrate their behavior on two exactly solvable models.

In this paper, we address the logarithmic corrections to the leading power laws that govern thermodynamic quantities as a second-order phase transition point is approached. For phase transitions of spin systems on $d$-dimensional lattices, such corrections appear at some marginal values of the order parameter or space dimension. We present scaling relations for these exponents. We also consider a spin system on a scale-free network which exhibits logarithmic corrections due to the specific network properties. To this end, we analyze the phase behavior of a model with coupled order parameters on a scale-free network and extract leading and logarithmic correction-to-scaling exponents that determine its field and temperature behavior. Although both nontrivial sets of exponents emerge from the network structure rather than from the spin fluctuations they fulfill the respective thermodynamic scaling relations. For the scale-free networks the logarithmic corrections appear at marginal values of the node degree distribution exponent. In addition we calculate scaling functions, which also exhibit nontrivial dependence on intrinsic network properties.

We show experimentally that, contrary to ordinary fluids, low Mach number granular pipe flows are linearly unstable toward the emission of acoustic waves. Exponential amplification of the waves propagating in the direction opposite to the flow is directly demonstrated. We relate the observed instability to the friction of the grains on the pipe, which pumps energy from the mean flow to coherent elastic waves. We show that the most amplified wavelength is proportional to the ratio of the tube radius to the friction coefficient.

A method is developed for calculating the small-angle x-ray scattering originating from within the interior of a thin film under grazing incidence illumination. This offers the possibility of using x-ray scattering to probe how the structure of polymers is modified by confinement. When the diffuse scattering from a thin film is measured over a range of incident angles, it is possible to separate the contributions to scattering from the interfaces and the contribution from the film interior. Using the distorted-wave Born approximation the structure factor, $S\left(q\right)$, of the film interior can then be obtained. We apply this method to analyze density fluctuations from within the interior of a silicon supported molten polystyrene (PS) film. Measurements were made as a function of film thickness ranging from one to ten times the polymer radius of gyration $\left(R_g\right)$. The compressibility, calculated by extrapolating the measured $S\left(q\right)$ to $q=0$, agrees well with that of bulk PS for thick films, but thinner films exhibit a peak in $S\left(q\right)$ near $q=0$. This peak, which grows with decreasing thickness, is attributed to a decreased interpenetration of chains and a consequent enhanced compressibility.

We study a nanoscale system composed of one corrugated cylinder (pinion) placed between two corrugated plates (racks). The pinion and racks have no mechanical contact, but are coupled via the lateral Casimir force—one of the most spectacular consequences of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. The noncontact design of the device could help with the noteworthy wear problem in nanoscale mechanical systems. We consider the case where both racks undergo harmonic lateral motion. We assume that the amplitude, frequency, and phase of one of the racks are known. We show that probing the pinion motion, one can determine the vibration characteristics of the other rack.

A cellular automata model for the interaction between seismic faults in an extended region is presented. Faults are represented by boxes formed by a different number of sites and located in the nodes of a fractal tree. Both the distribution of box sizes and the interaction between them is assumed to be hierarchical. Load particles are randomly added to the system, simulating the action of external tectonic forces. These particles fill the sites of the boxes progressively. When a box is full it topples, some of the particles are redistributed to other boxes and some of them are lost. A box relaxation simulates the occurrence of an earthquake in the region. The particle redistributions mostly occur upwards (to larger faults) and downwards (to smaller faults) in the hierarchy producing new relaxations. A simple and efficient bookkeeping of the information allows the running of systems with more than fifty million faults. This model is consistent with the definition of magnitude, i.e., earthquakes of magnitude $m$ take place in boxes with a number of sites ten times bigger than those boxes responsible for earthquakes with a magnitude $m-1$ which are placed in the immediate lower level of the hierarchy. The three parameters of the model have a geometrical nature: the height or number of levels of the fractal tree, the coordination of the tree and the ratio of areas between boxes in two consecutive levels. Besides reproducing several seismicity properties and regularities, this model is used to test the performance of some precursory patterns.