The classical dynamics in potentials that are random both in space and time is studied. The potentials are generated by a stationary process. This can be intuitively understood with the help of Chirikov resonances that are central in the theory of chaos, and explored quantitatively in the framework of the Fokker-Planck equation. In particular, a simple expression for the diffusion coefficient was obtained in terms of the average power density of the potential. The resulting anomalous diffusion in velocity is classified into universality classes. The general theory was applied and numerically tested for specific examples relevant for optics and atom optics.

Through the direct decoration transformation approach, we obtain a general solution for the pentagonal Ising model, showing its equivalence to the isotropic free-fermion eight-vertex model. We study the ground-state phase diagram, in which one ferromagnetic (FM) state, one ferrimagnetic (FIM) state, and one frustrated state are found. Using the exact solution of the pentagonal Ising model, we discuss the finite-temperature phase diagrams and find a phase transition between the FIM state and the disordered state as well as a phase transition between the disordered state and the FM state. We also discuss some additional remarkable properties of the model, such as the magnetization, entropy, and specific heat, at finite temperature and at its low-temperature asymptotic limit. Because of the influence of the second-order phase transition between the frustrated and ferromagnetic phases, we obtain surprisingly low values of the entropy and the specific heat until the critical temperature is reached.

We study geodesics on the parameter manifold for systems exhibiting second order classical and quantum phase transitions. The coupled nonlinear geodesic equations are solved numerically for a variety of models which show such phase transitions in the thermodynamic limit. It is established that both in the classical as well as in the quantum cases, geodesics are confined to a single phase and exhibit turning behavior near critical points. Our results are indicative of a geometric universality in widely different physical systems.

The statistical three-state model is proposed to describe the ordering of triangular TMA molecules into flower phases. The model is solved on a rescaled triangular lattice, assuming following intermolecular interactions: exclusion of any molecules on nearest neighbor sites, triangular trio H-bonding interactions for molecules of the same orientation on next-nearest neighbor sites, and dimeric H-bonding interactions for molecules of different (“tip-to-tip”) orientations on third-nearest neighbor sites. The model allows us to obtain the analytical solution for the ground state phase diagram with all homologous series of flower phases included, starting with the honeycomb phase ($n=1$) and ending with the superflower structure ($n=\infty$). Monte Carlo simulations are used to obtain the thermodynamical properties of this model. It is found that phase transitions from disordered to any of the flower phases (except $n=1$) undergo via intermediate correlated triangular domains structure. The transition from the disordered phase to the intermediate phase is, most likely, of the first order, while the transition from the intermediate to the flower phase is definitely first order phase transition. The phase diagrams including low-temperature flower phases are obtained. The origin of the intermediate phase, phase separation, and metastable structures are discussed.

Two versions of the $M$-$p$-spin glass model have been studied with the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization group approximation. The model with $p=3$ and $M=3$ has at mean-field level the ideal glass transition at the Kauzmann temperature and at lower temperatures still the Gardner transition to a state like that of an Ising spin glass in a field. The model with $p=3$ and $M=2$ has only the Gardner transition. In the dimensions studied, $d=2,3$, and 4, both models behave almost identically, indicating that the growing correlation length as the temperature is reduced in these models—the analog of the point-to-set length scale—is not due to the mechanism postulated in the random first-order transition theory of glasses but is more like that expected on the analogy of glasses to the Ising spin glass in a field.

We demonstrate how the area of the enveloping surface of the scattering singularities in a three-degrees-of-freedom (3-dof) system depends on a perturbation parameter controlling the distance from a reducible case. This dependence is monotonic and approximately linear. Therefore it serves as a measure for this distance, which can be extracted from an investigation of the fractal structure. These features are a consequence of the dynamics being governed by normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds. We conclude that typical $n$-dof chaotic scattering exhibits either structures developing out of a stack of chaotic structures of 2-dof type or hardly any chaotic effects.

Thermostats for homogeneous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are usually designed to control the kinetic temperature, but it is now possible control any combination of many different types of temperature, including the configurational and kinetic temperatures and their directional components. It is well known that these temperatures can become unequal in homogeneously thermostatted shearing steady states. The microscopic expressions for these temperatures are all derived from equilibrium distribution functions, and it is pertinent to ask, what are the consequences of using these equilibrium microscopic expressions for temperature in thermostats for shearing nonequilibrium steady states? Here we show that the answer to this question depends on which properties are being investigated. We present numerical results showing that the value of the zero shear rate viscosity obtained by extrapolating results of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of shearing steady states is the same, regardless of the type of temperature that is controlled. It also agrees with the value obtained from the equilibrium stress autocorrelation function via the Green-Kubo relation. However, the values of the limiting zero shear rate first normal stress coefficient obtained from nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of shearing steady states are strongly dependent on the choice of temperature being controlled. They also differ from the value of the first normal stress coefficient that is calculated from the equilibrium stress autocorrelation function. We show that even when all of the directional components of the kinetic and configurational temperatures are simultaneously controlled to the same value, the agreement with the result obtained from the equilibrium stress autocorrelation function is poor.

The additivity principle allows a calculation of current fluctuations and associated density profiles in large diffusive systems. We apply this principle to the weakly asymmetric exclusion process (WASEP). We also calculate the cumulant generating function of the current and the density profiles associated with rare currents in finite systems using a numerical approach based on the density matrix renormalization group. Comparison of the two approaches allows us to verify the validity of the additivity principle and to get insight into the finite size scaling theory for current fluctuations in the WASEP. No evidence for a dynamical phase transition is found.

We investigate the dynamics of a binary mixture Lennard-Jones system of different system sizes with respect to the importance of the properties of the underlying potential energy landscape (PEL). We show that the dynamics of small systems can be very well described within the continuous time random walk formalism, which is determined solely by PEL parameters. Finite size analysis shows that the diffusivity of large and small systems are very similar. This suggests that the PEL parameters of the small system also determine the local dynamics in large systems. The structural relaxation time, however, displays significant finite size effects. Furthermore, using a nonequilibrium configuration of a large system, we find that causal connections exist between nearby regions of the system. These findings can be described by the coupled landscape model for which a macroscopic system is described by a superposition of elementary systems, each described by its PEL. A minimum coupling is introduced which accounts for the finite size behavior. The coupling strength, as the single adjustable parameter, becomes smaller closer to the glass transition.

The distributions of interisland gaps and captures zones for islands nucleated on a one-dimensional substrate during submonolayer deposition are considered using a novel retrospective view. This provides an alternative perspective on why scaling occurs in this continuously evolving system. Distributional fixed-point equations for the gaps are derived both with and without a mean-field approximation for nearest neighbor gap-size correlation. Solutions to the equations show that correct consideration of fragmentation bias justifies the mean-field approach, which can be extended to provide closed-from equations for the capture zones. Our results compare favorably to Monte Carlo data for both point and extended islands using a range of critical island size $i=0,1,2,3$. We also find satisfactory agreement with theoretical models based on more traditional fragmentation theory approaches.

This work investigates the scaled height distribution, $\rho \left(q\right)$, of irregular profiles that are grown based on two sets of local rules: those of the restricted solid on solid (RSOS) and ballistic deposition (BD) models. At each time step, these rules are respectively chosen with probability $p$ and $r=1-p$. Large-scale Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the system behaves differently in three succeeding intervals of values of $p$: $I_B\approx [0,0.75),I_T\approx (0.75,0.9),$ and $I_R\approx (0.9,1.0]$. In $I_B$, the ballistic character prevails: the growth velocity ${\upsilon }_{\infty }$ decreases with $p$ in a linear way, and similar behavior is found for ${\Gamma }_{\infty }($$p$$)$, the amplitude of the $t^{1/3}$-fluctuations, which is measured from the second-order height cumulant. The distribution of scaled height fluctuations follows the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) Tracy-Widom (TW) distribution with resolution roughly close to ${10}^{-4}$. The skewness and kurtosis of the computed distribution coincide with those for TW distribution. Similar results are observed in the interval $I_R$, with prevalent RSOS features. In this case, the skewness become negative. In the transition interval $I_T$, the system goes smoothly from one regime to the other: the height distribution becomes apparently Gaussian, which motivates us to identify this phenomenon as a transition from Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) behavior to Edwards-Wilkinson (EW) behavior back to KPZ behavior.

The influence of net fluid flow on the low-frequency ac response of a microchannel-nanochannel interface under dc bias is studied theoretically using a simple 1D model based on the Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Stokes equations. The model describes cross-sectional averaged transport wherein the electro-osmotic flow is controlled by the magnitude of the dc bias and captures essential features of the problem related to the micro-nano interface, specifically geometric focusing effects and nanochannel control of the net fluid flow. This model predicts behavior which differs from that predicted by a purely electrodiffusive formulation. The high-frequency edge of the Warburg branch of the complex impedance plot has a slope which deviates from the $\pi /4$ Warburg value, decreasing with increasing bias, and there are corresponding changes in the overall phase as seen in the Bode plots. This can be attributed to a streaming contribution to the capacitive reactance of the device as well an increase in the conductance of the depleted region, both due to net fluid flow. The increase in conductance, corresponding to reduced interfacial depletion, also permits dc currents above the classical electrodiffusive limit.

We propose an alternative method of integration of Maxwell equations. This method is the generalization of a finite-difference time-domain method with an auxiliary differential equation for the case of a linear optical medium with a frequency dispersion and an arbitrary source of spatial dispersion. We apply this method to the problem of the propagation of short plane-wave linearly polarized light pulses in such a medium. It is shown that some features of their propagation are completely different from those that are generally recognized for the linear optical activity phenomenon. For example, in some cases an initially linearly polarized light pulse becomes elliptically polarized during the propagation. This effect is more prominent in the front part of the pulse.

A multicanonical formalism is introduced to describe the statistical equilibrium of complex systems exhibiting a hierarchy of time and length scales, where the hierarchical structure is described as a set of nested “internal heat reservoirs” with fluctuating “temperatures.” The probability distribution of states at small scales is written as an appropriate averaging of the large-scale distribution (the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution) over these effective internal degrees of freedom. For a large class of systems the multicanonical distribution is given explicitly in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions. As a concrete example, it is shown that generalized hypergeometric distributions describe remarkably well the statistics of acceleration measurements in Lagrangian turbulence.

The rate of rapid Brownian coagulation is investigated for dispersions of spherical particles with particle volume fractions ranging from ${\varphi }_{\mathrm{p}}=0.003$ to $0.1$ by the direct numerical simulation method. This method explicitly considers hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) between particles by simultaneously solving for the motions of the dispersed particles and the host fluid. In the dilute limit, the rate of rapid Brownian coagulation decreases to approximately $0.3–0.5$ times the theoretical Smoluchowski rate. We compare this result with results of previously reported experiments and theoretical predictions and find a strong correlation between them. This demonstrates that HIs between particles significantly reduce the coagulation rate. Moreover, the volume fraction dependence of the coagulation rate indicates that the coagulation rate increases with increasing volume fraction. At high particle volume fractions, the initial coagulation stage is affected by heterogeneous coagulation process before the steady state is reached.

We investigated scroll waves in an inhomogeneous excitable 3D system with gradient of excitability. The gradient promotes twisting of the scroll waves. Sufficiently large excitability gradient enhances the twisting and causes simple scroll waves to transition to meandering scroll waves. For the twist-induced instability of scroll waves, we analyzed the stability of 2D spiral waves sliced from the twisted scroll in the vertical direction. The 3D problem is simplified by taking into account the diffusive coupling in the third direction as a time-delayed perturbation to the 2D spiral wave. An additional “negative mass” term measuring the twist thus arises in the 2D system and induces the transition from simple rotation to meandering. A further increase in the gradient ruins partially the unity of the meandering scrolls and generates semiturbulence, the analogs of which were observed in the Belousov-Zhabotinski reaction. We also generated the phase diagram in the parameter space by adjusting the threshold for excitation of the media.

We consider generalized zero-temperature Glauber dynamics under a partially synchronous updating mode for a one-dimensional system. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we calculate the phase diagram and show that the system exhibits phase transition between the ferromagnetic and active antiferromagnetic phases. Moreover, we provide analytical calculations that allow us to understand the origin of the phase transition and confirm simulation results obtained earlier for synchronous updates.

In multidimensional barrier tunneling, there exist two different types of tunneling mechanisms, instanton-type tunneling and noninstanton tunneling. In this paper we investigate transitions between the two tunneling mechanisms from the semiclassical and quantum viewpoints taking two simple models: a periodically perturbed Eckart barrier for the semiclassical analysis and a periodically perturbed rectangular barrier for the quantum analysis. As a result, similar transitions are observed with change of the perturbation frequency $\omega$ for both systems, and we obtain a comprehensive scenario from both semiclassical and quantum viewpoints for them. In the middle range of $\omega$, in which the plateau spectrum is observed, noninstanton tunneling dominates the tunneling process, and the tunneling amplitude takes the maximum value. Noninstanton tunneling explained by stable-unstable manifold guided tunneling (SUMGT) from the semiclassical viewpoint is interpreted as multiphoton-assisted tunneling from the quantum viewpoint. However, in the limit $\omega \to 0$, instanton-type tunneling takes the place of noninstanton tunneling, and the tunneling amplitude converges on a constant value depending on the perturbation strength. The spectrum localized around the input energy is observed, and there is a scaling law with respect to the width of the spectrum envelope, i.e., the width $\propto \hslash \omega$. In the limit $\omega \to \infty$, the tunneling amplitude converges on that of the unperturbed system, i.e., the instanton of the unperturbed system.

We demonstrate an analytical method for calculating the phase sensitivity of a class of oscillators whose phase does not affect the time evolution of the other dynamic variables. We show that such oscillators possess the possibility for complete phase noise elimination. We apply the method to a feedback oscillator which employs a high $Q$ weakly nonlinear resonator and provide explicit parameter values for which the feedback phase noise is completely eliminated and others for which there is no amplitude-phase noise conversion. We then establish an operational mode of the oscillator which optimizes its performance by diminishing the feedback noise in both quadratures, thermal noise, and quality factor fluctuations. We also study the spectrum of the oscillator and provide specific results for the case of $1/f$ noise sources.

We investigate the possibility of projecting low-dimensional chaos from spatiotemporal dynamics of a model for a kind of plastic instability observed under constant strain rate deformation conditions. We first discuss the relationship between the spatiotemporal patterns of the model reflected in the nature of dislocation bands and the nature of stress serrations. We show that at low applied strain rates, there is a one-to-one correspondence with the randomly nucleated isolated bursts of mobile dislocation density and the stress drops. We then show that the model equations are spatiotemporally chaotic by demonstrating the number of positive Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimension scale with the system size at low and high strain rates. Using a modified algorithm for calculating correlation dimension density, we show that the stress-strain signals at low applied strain rates corresponding to spatially uncorrelated dislocation bands exhibit features of low-dimensional chaos. This is made quantitative by demonstrating that the model equations can be approximately reduced to space-independent model equations for the average dislocation densities, which is known to be low-dimensionally chaotic. However, the scaling regime for the correlation dimension shrinks with increasing applied strain rate due to increasing propensity for propagation of the dislocation bands.