In the present work we investigate the emergence of cooperation in a multilevel selection model that assumes limiting resources. Following the work by R. J. Requejo and J. Camacho [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 038701 (2012)], the interaction among individuals is initially ruled by a prisoner's dilemma (PD) game. The payoff matrix may change, influenced by the resource availability, and hence may also evolve to a non-PD game. Furthermore, one assumes that the population is divided into groups, whose local dynamics is driven by the payoff matrix, whereas an intergroup competition results from the nonuniformity of the growth rate of groups. We study the probability that a single cooperator can invade and establish in a population initially dominated by defectors. Cooperation is strongly favored when group sizes are small. We observe the existence of a critical group size beyond which cooperation becomes counterselected. Although the critical size depends on the parameters of the model, it is seen that a saturation value for the critical group size is achieved. The results conform to the thought that the evolutionary history of life repeatedly involved transitions from smaller selective units to larger selective units.

Any spanning tree in a loopy interaction graph can be used for communicating the effect of the loopy interactions by introducing messages that are passed along the edges in the spanning tree. This defines an exact mapping of the problem on the loopy interaction graph onto an extended problem on a tree interaction graph, where the thermodynamic quantities can be computed by a message-passing algorithm based on the Bethe equations. We propose an approximation loop correction algorithm for the Ising model relying on the above representation of the problem. The algorithm deals at the same time with the short and long loops, and can be used to obtain upper and lower bounds for the free energy.

We introduce a nondiffusive spatial coupling term into the replicator equation of evolutionary game theory. The spatial flux is based on motion due to local gradients in the relative fitness of each strategy, providing a game-dependent alternative to diffusive coupling. We study numerically the development of patterns in one dimension (1D) for two-strategy games including the coordination game and the prisoner's dilemma, and in two dimensions (2D) for the rock-paper-scissors game. In 1D we observe modified traveling wave solutions in the presence of diffusion, and asymptotic attracting states under a frozen-strategy assumption without diffusion. In 2D we observe spiral formation and breakup in the frozen-strategy rock-paper-scissors game without diffusion. A change of variables appropriate to replicator dynamics is shown to correctly capture the 1D asymptotic steady state via a nonlinear diffusion equation.

Although fluctuations in the waiting time series have been studied for a long time, some important issues such as its long-range memory and its stochastic features in the presence of nonstationarity have so far remained unstudied. Here we find that the “waiting times” series for a given increment level have long-range correlations with Hurst exponents belonging to the interval $1/2<H<1$. We also study positive-negative level asymmetry of the waiting time distribution. We find that the logarithmic difference of waiting times series has a short-range correlation, and then we study its stochastic nature using the Markovian method and determine the corresponding Kramers-Moyal coefficients. As an example, we analyze the velocity fluctuations in high Reynolds number turbulence and determine the level dependence of Markov time scales, as well as the drift and diffusion coefficients. We show that the waiting time distributions exhibit power law tails, and we were able to model the distribution with a continuous time random walk.

Trapping processes constitute a primary problem of random walks, which characterize various other dynamical processes taking place on networks. Most previous works focused on the case of binary networks, while there is much less related research about weighted networks. In this paper, we propose a general framework for the trapping problem on a weighted network with a perfect trap fixed at an arbitrary node. By utilizing the spectral graph theory, we provide an exact formula for mean first-passage time (MFPT) from one node to another, based on which we deduce an explicit expression for average trapping time (ATT) in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix associated with the weighted graph, where ATT is the average of MFPTs to the trap over all source nodes. We then further derive a sharp lower bound for the ATT in terms of only the local information of the trap node, which can be obtained in some graphs. Moreover, we deduce the ATT when the trap is distributed uniformly in the whole network. Our results show that network weights play a significant role in the trapping process. To apply our framework, we use the obtained formulas to study random walks on two specific networks: trapping in weighted uncorrelated networks with a deep trap, the weights of which are characterized by a parameter, and Lévy random walks in a connected binary network with a trap distributed uniformly, which can be looked on as random walks on a weighted network. For weighted uncorrelated networks we show that the ATT to any target node depends on the weight parameter, that is, the ATT to any node can change drastically by modifying the parameter, a phenomenon that is in contrast to that for trapping in binary networks. For Lévy random walks in any connected network, by using their equivalence to random walks on a weighted complete network, we obtain the optimal exponent characterizing Lévy random walks, which have the minimal average of ATTs taken over all target nodes.

The free energy of the finite and anisotropic Ising lattice with Brascamp-Kunz boundary conditions is calculated exactly as a series in the absence of an external magnetic field.

Heat conduction of symmetric Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) lattices with a coupling displacement was investigated. Through simplifying the model, we derived analytical expression of thermal current of the system in the overdamped case. By means of numerical calculations, the results indicate that: (i) As the coupling displacement $d$ equals to zero, temperature oscillations of the heat baths linked with the lattices can control magnitude and direction of the thermal current; (ii) Whether there is a temperature bias or not, the thermal current oscillates periodically with $d$, whose amplitudes become greater and greater; (iii) As $d$ is not equal to zero, the thermal current monotonically both increases and decreases with temperature oscillation amplitude of the heat baths, dependent on values of $d$; (iv) The coupling displacement also induces nonmonotonic behaviors of the thermal current vs spring constant of the lattice and coupling strength of the lattices; (v) These dynamical behaviors come from interaction of the coupling displacement with periodic potential of the FK lattices. Our results have the implication that the coupling displacement plays a crucial role in the control of heat current.

The critical behavior of the one-fifth-depleted square-lattice Ising model with nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interaction has been investigated by means of both an exact solution and a high-temperature series expansion study of the zero-field susceptibility. For the exact solution we employ a decoration transformation followed by a mapping to a staggered eight-vertex model. This yields a quartic equation for the critical coupling giving $K_c(\equiv \beta J_c)=0.695$. The series expansion for the susceptibility, to $\mathcal{O}\left(K^{18}\right)$, when analyzed via standard Padé approximant methods gives an estimate of $K_c$, consistent with the exact solution result to at least four significant figures. The series expansion is also analyzed for the leading amplitude and subdominant terms.

We explore the consequences of a deterministic microscopic thermostat-reservoir contact mechanism. With different temperature reservoirs at each end of a two-dimensional system, a heat current is produced and the system has an anomalous thermal conductivity. The microscopic form for the local heat flux vector is derived and both the kinetic and potential contributions are calculated. The total heat flux vector is shown to satisfy the continuity equation. The properties of this nonequilibrium steady state are studied as functions of system size and temperature gradient, identifying key scaling relations for the local fluid properties and separating bulk and boundary effects. The local entropy density calculated from the local equilibrium distribution is shown to be a very good approximation to the entropy density calculated directly from the velocity distribution even for systems that are far from equilibrium. The dissipation and kinetic entropy production and flux are compared quantitatively and the differing mechanisms discussed within the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook approximation. For equal-temperature reservoirs the entropy production near the reservoir walls is shown to be proportional to the local phase space contraction calculated from the tangent space dynamics. However, for unequal temperatures, the connection between local entropy production and local phase space contraction is more complicated.

Although it is now well established that in glassy liquids, slow structural relaxation accompanies a correlated structural rearrangement, the role of such a correlation in the transport anomaly, and thus in the slow dynamics, remains unclear. In this paper, we argue from a hydrodynamic viewpoint that a correlated structure (cluster) with a characteristic size $\xi$ sustains the long-lived stress and dynamically couples with the hydrodynamic fluctuations; therefore, the dynamics of this cluster is the origin of the mesoscopic nature of anomalous hydrodynamic transport. Based on this argument, we derive a dynamic scaling law for ${\tau }_{\alpha }$ (or $\eta$, where $\eta$ is the macroscopic shear viscosity) as a function of $\xi$: ${\tau }_{\alpha }(\propto \eta )\propto {\xi }^4$. We provide a simple explanation for basic features of anomalous transport, such as the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation and the length-scale-dependent decoupling between viscosity and diffusion. The present study further suggests a different physical picture: Through the coarse graining of smaller-scale fluctuations ($\lesssim \xi$), the supercooled liquid dynamics can be regarded as the dynamics of normal (cluster) liquids composed of units with a typical size of $\xi$. Although the correlation length of hydrodynamic transport $\xi$ and the dynamic heterogeneity size ${\xi }_{\mathrm{DH}}$, which is determined by the usual four-point correlation function, reflect some aspects of the cooperative effects, the correspondence between $\xi$ and ${\xi }_{\mathrm{DH}}$ is not one to one. We highlight the possibility that ${\xi }_{\mathrm{DH}}$ overestimates the actual collective transport range at a low degree of supercooling.

The magnetic-field-induced birefringence in a ferrofluid composed of spherical cobalt nanoparticles has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The considerable induced birefringence determined experimentally has been attributed to the formation of chains of nanoparticles. The birefringence has been measured as a function of the external magnetic field and the volume fraction ($f$) of nanoparticles. It is quadratic in $f$ as opposed to the Faraday effect, which is linear in $f$. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical model based on a simple density functional approach. For dilute solutions the experimental results can be explained by assuming that only dimers of nanoparticles are formed while the concentration of longer chains is negligible.

Nuclei interacting with electrons in dense plasmas acquire electronic bound states, modify continuum states, generate resonances and hopping electron states, and generate short-range ionic order. The mean ionization state (MIS), i.e, the mean charge $Z$ of an average ion in such plasmas, is a valuable concept: Pseudopotentials, pair-distribution functions, equations of state, transport properties, energy-relaxation rates, opacity, radiative processes, etc., can all be formulated using the MIS of the plasma more concisely than with an all-electron description. However, the MIS does not have a unique definition and is used and defined differently in different statistical models of plasmas. Here, using the MIS formulations of several average-atom models based on density functional theory, we compare numerical results for Be, Al, and Cu plasmas for conditions inclusive of incomplete atomic ionization and partial electron degeneracy. By contrasting modern orbital-based models with orbital-free Thomas-Fermi models, we quantify the effects of shell structure, continuum resonances, the role of exchange and correlation, and the effects of different choices of the fundamental cell and boundary conditions. Finally, the role of the MIS in plasma applications is illustrated in the context of x-ray Thomson scattering in warm dense matter.

We provide an algorithm based on weighted-ensemble (WE) methods, to accurately sample systems at steady state. Applying our method to different one- and two-dimensional models, we succeed in calculating steady-state probabilities of order ${10}^{-300}$ and reproduce the Arrhenius law for rates of order ${10}^{-280}$. Special attention is payed to the simulation of nonpotential systems where no detailed balance assumption exists. For this large class of stochastic systems, the stationary probability distribution density is often unknown and cannot be used as preknowledge during the simulation. We compare the algorithm's efficiency with standard Brownian dynamics simulations and the original WE method.

The ability of the interpolation supplemented lattice Boltzmann method (ISLBM) diminishes in simulation of fluid flow around complex geometries and it is nearly impossible to use this method in body-filled grid systems. In this paper, a developed version of the interpolation supplemented lattice Boltzmann method is proposed to remove the limitations of the original ISLBM. Combination of the ISLBM and the Joukowski transformation is the basis of the method. In fact, using the Joukowski transformation, the physical domain with a body-fitted grid system is mapped to the computational domain with a uniform Cartesian grid system such that the conventional ISLBM can be easily applied. The results are compared with those of a Navier-Stokes solver and there is good agreement between these two results.

We study the evolution of an initially conical metal surface when it is heated. For all cone angles $\alpha$ from close to zero to 90 degrees, self-similar solutions with rounded tips are found, whose radius of curvature scales like ${\left(\mathrm{time}\right)}^{1/4}$. For $\alpha \gtrsim 3^{\circ }$, theoretical profiles agree very well with experiment. For smaller cone angles, we find pronounced oscillations near the tip, which presumably are responsible for the experimentally observed fragility of such tips. The amplitude and wavelength of oscillations are characterized asymptotically.

The quadratic contact process (QCP) is a natural extension of the well-studied linear contact process where infected (1) individuals infect susceptible (0) neighbors at rate $\lambda$ and infected individuals recover ($10$) at rate 1. In the QCP, a combination of two 1's is required to effect a $01$ change. We extend the study of the QCP, which so far has been limited to lattices, to complex networks. We define two versions of the QCP: vertex-centered (VQCP) and edge-centered (EQCP) with birth events $1-0-11-1-1$ and $1-1-01-1-1$, respectively, where “$-$” represents an edge. We investigate the effects of network topology by considering the QCP on random regular, Erdős-Rényi, and power-law random graphs. We perform mean-field calculations as well as simulations to find the steady-state fraction of occupied vertices as a function of the birth rate. We find that on the random regular and Erdős-Rényi graphs, there is a discontinuous phase transition with a region of bistability, whereas on the heavy-tailed power-law graph, the transition is continuous. The critical birth rate is found to be positive in the former but zero in the latter.

The random-phase-and-amplitude-formalism (RPA) has significantly extended the scope of weak turbulence studies. Because the RPA does not assume any proximity to the Gaussianity in the wave number space, it can predict, for example, how the fluctuation of the complex amplitude of each wave mode grows through nonlinear interactions with other modes and how it approaches the Gaussianity. Thus, the RPA has a great potential capability, but its validity has been assessed neither numerically nor experimentally. We compare the theoretical predictions given by the RPA with the results of direct numerical simulations (DNS) for a three-wave Hamiltonian system, thereby assessing the validity of the RPA. The predictions of the RPA agree quite well with the results of DNS in all the aspects of the statistical characteristics of the mode amplitudes studied here.

In this work, we study the effect of molecular crowding on a typical example of a chemical oscillator: the Brusselator model. We adopt to this end a nonequilibrium thermodynamic description, in which the size of particles is introduced via a lattice gas model. The impenetrability and finite volume of the species are shown to affect both the reaction rates and the diffusion terms in the evolution equations for the concentrations. The corrected scheme shows a more complex dynamical behavior than its ideal counterpart, including bistability and excitability. These results help to shed light on recent experimental and computational studies in biochemistry and surface chemistry, in which it was shown that confined environments may greatly affect chemical dynamics.

We consider a generic reaction-diffusion system in which one of the parameters is subjected to dichotomous noise by controlling the flow of one of the reacting species in a continuous-flow-stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) -membrane reactor. The linear stability analysis in an extended phase space is carried out by invoking Furutzu-Novikov procedure for exponentially correlated multiplicative noise to derive the instability condition in the plane of the noise parameters (correlation time and strength of the noise). We demonstrate that depending on the correlation time an optimal strength of noise governs the self-organization. Our theoretical analysis is corroborated by numerical simulations on pattern formation in a chlorine-dioxide-iodine-malonic acid reaction-diffusion system.

The dynamics of modulated point-vortex pairs is investigated on a rotating sphere, where modulation is chosen to reflect the conservation of angular momentum (potential vorticity). For sufficiently close vortices (dipoles) the trajectories of their center-of-mass are shown to correspond to those of a point particle moving freely on a rotating sphere. For finite size vortex pairs, a qualitative similarity to the geodesic dynamics is found. The advection dynamics generated by vortex pairs on a rotating sphere is found to be chaotic. In the short time dynamics we point out a transition from closed to open chaotic advection, which implies that the transport properties of the flow might drastically be altered by changing the initial conditions of the pair on the sphere. Due to spherical topology, for long times, even the open advection patterns are found to gradually cross over to that corresponding to a homogeneous closed mixing. This pattern extends along a zonal band, whereas short term closed mixing remains always bounded to the moving pair.