We present the first lattice QCD determination of the light cone gluon helicity correlation parton distribution function (PDF) with numerical evidence toward disfavoring negative gluon polarization in the nucleon. We present a solution for eliminating an inevitable contamination term that dominates the Euclidean correlations and makes determining gluon helicity PDF unfeasible. The proposed synergy between lattice QCD and artificial intelligence offers a superior platform to alleviate the defining challenge of extracting quark and gluon PDFs from the lattice data that are available in a limited domain due to a finite range of accessible hadron momenta. We suggest a systematically improvable method to extract PDFs from the lattice data, independent of inadequate parametrizations. The result of the gluon helicity will improve our understanding of the role of spin in the strong interaction and the nucleon-spin structure.

Recently, methods of graph neural networks (GNNs) have been applied to solving the problems in high-energy physics (HEP) and have shown its great potential for quark-gluon tagging with graph representation of jet events. In this paper, we introduce an approach of GNNs combined with a Haar pooling operation to analyze the events, called Haar pooling message passing neural network (HMPNet). In HMPNet, Haar pooling not only extracts the features of graph, but embeds additional information obtained by clustering of $k$ means of different particle features. We construct Haar pooling from five different features: absolute energy $\log E$, transverse momentum $\log p_T$, relative coordinates $(\mathrm{\Delta }\eta ,\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi )$, the mixed ones $(\log E,\log p_T)$, and $(\log E,\log p_T,\mathrm{\Delta }\eta ,\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi )$. The results show that an appropriate selection of information for Haar pooling enhances the accuracy of quark-gluon tagging, as adding extra information of $\log P_T$ to the HMPNet outperforms all the others, whereas adding relative coordinates information $(\mathrm{\Delta }\eta ,\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi )$ is not very effective. This implies that, by adding effective particle features from Haar pooling, one can achieve much better results than that which a solely pure message passing neutral network can do, which demonstrates significant improvement of feature extraction via the pooling process. Finally, we compare the HMPNet study, ordering by $p_T$, with other studies and prove that the HMPNet is also a good choice of GNN algorithms for jet tagging.

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. We report searches for new physics appearing through few-keV-scale electron recoils, using the experiment’s first exposure of 60 live days and a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. The data are found to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on models for new physics including solar axion electron coupling, solar neutrino magnetic moment and millicharge, and electron couplings to galactic axionlike particles and hidden photons. Similar limits are set on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter producing signals through ionized atomic states from the Migdal effect.

We demonstrate the existence of chaotic geodesics for the Einstein-Rosen standing gravitational waves. The complex dynamics of massive test particles are governed by a chaotic heteroclinic network. We present the fractal associated with the system under investigation. Gravitational standing waves produce intricate patterns through test particles in a vague analogy to mechanical vibrations generating Chladni figures and complicated shapes of Faraday waves.

In classical dynamics, Eisenhart lift connects the dynamics of null geodesics in a Brinkmann spacetime with a continuous family of Hamiltonian systems by means of a suitable projection. In this work we explore the possibility of building a model for quantum dynamics of massless particles propagating inside a Brinkmann spacetime from the Einsenhart lift. As a result, we describe spatial tunneling between regions classically disconnected for a certain class of null geodesics because of curvature. Also we describe entangled states arising from observers who have limited access to the whole Brinkmann space. Finally we explore the possibility of finding a quantum field theory behind these quantum phenomena.

The exact renormalization group (ERG) is a powerful tool for understanding the formal properties of field theories. By adapting generalized ERG schemes to the flow of wave functionals, we obtain a large class of continuous unitary networks, a special case of which includes a class of Gaussian continuous multiscale renormalization Ansätze (cMERAs). The novel feature of these generalized wave functional ERG schemes is allowing for modifications of the dispersion relation, which drastically changes the entanglement structure of the ultraviolet states. Through our construction, we demonstrate that cMERA can be derived from a more fundamental “microscopic” principle, which amounts to the usual RG principle of path integral independence, suitably adapted to quantum states of the field theory. The establishment of such a principle may provide a path forward for exploring cMERA beyond the free field regime, and for understanding the nature of entanglement renormalization intrinsically in the continuum.

General relativity provides us with some solutions for rotating black holes. However, there are some problems associated with them: the appearance of singularities, the possibility of violations of the cosmic censorship conjecture, the existence of regions where the mass acts repulsively, and the violation of causality. Many authors consider that these problems reveal the existence of certain limits in the applicability of general relativity. For instance, it is believed that the same existence of singularities in the classical black hole solutions is a weakness of the theory and that a full quantum gravity theory would provide us with singularity-free black hole models. In this paper, the generic properties of the interiors of singularity-free rotating black holes are analyzed. Remarkably, it is shown that they are devoid of any of the aforementioned problems of the classical solutions.

An observer that is moving toward a high-density region sees, on average, a higher matter density and more foreground-emitting sources ahead than behind themselves. Consequently, the average abundance and luminosity of objects producing cosmological signals around an in-falling dark matter halo is larger in the direction of the halo’s motion. In this paper, we demonstrate this effect from simulated cosmological maps of the thermal Sunyaev Zel’dovich effect and the cosmic infrared background. We find that, for a wide range of halo masses and redshifts, oriented stacked profiles of these foregrounds show significant, potentially detectable gradients aligned with the transverse velocity of halos. The signal depends on the halo’s mass and redshift, as well as the physical properties of the cosmic web surrounding the halos. We show that this signal is sufficiently prominent to be detected in future cosmic microwave background experiments, therefore offering a new window into the study of cosmological structures. We argue that the dipolar morphological structure of this signal, its orientation, as well as its overall large amplitude, constitute a challenge for the detection of the transverse velocity through the study of the moving lens effect for stacked halos.

We calculate deviations in cosmological observables as a function of parameters in a class of connection-based models of quantum gravity. In this theory nontrivial modifications to the background cosmology can occur due to a distortion of the wave function of the Universe at the transition from matter to dark energy domination (which acts as a “reflection” in connection space). We are able to exclude some regions of parameter space and show with projected constraints that future experiments like DESI will be able to further constrain these models. An interesting feature of this theory is that there exists a region of parameter space that could naturally alleviate the $S_8$ tension.

We consider, in the context of the Large Hadron Collider, some signals of the type-X two Higgs doublet model (2HDM). The analysis takes into account all theoretical and observational constraints, and is based on the final state comprising a same-sign dilepton pair and a pair of same-sign $\tau$ jets. The crucial ingredient in making the signal clean is the same-sign feature of both the dilepton and the $\tau$-jet pair individually. After a detailed estimate of the signal and all noteworthy backgrounds, we show that this channel offers by far the best signal significance among those studied so far, predicting discovery with an integrated luminosity of $3000{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$, and strong indications even with $1000{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$ if systematic uncertainties do not exceed about 10%. We also demonstrate that the recently developed dynamic radius jet algorithm is effective in this connection.

The decay ${\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}\to {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0{\pi }^{-}$ is observed using a proton-proton collision data sample collected at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=13\mathrm{TeV}$ with the LHCb detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.5{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$. This process is mediated by the $s\to u\overline{u}d$ quark-level transition, where the $b$ quark in the ${\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}$ baryon is a spectator in the decay. Averaging the results obtained using the two ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0$ decay modes, ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0\to {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_c^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ and ${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0\to {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_c^{+}{\pi }^{-}{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$, the relative production ratio is measured to be $(f_{{\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}}/f_{{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0})\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}\to {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0{\pi }^{-})=(7.3\pm 0.8\pm 0.6)\times {10}^{-4}$. Here the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively, and $f_{{\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}}(f_{{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0})$ is the fragmentation fraction for a $b$ quark into a ${\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}$ (${\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0$) baryon. Using an independent measurement of $f_{{\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}}/f_{{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0}$, the branching fraction $\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}\to {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0{\pi }^{-})=(0.89\pm 0.10\pm 0.07\pm 0.29)\%$ is obtained, where the last uncertainty is due to the assumed SU(3) flavor symmetry in the determination of $f_{{\mathrm{\Xi }}_b^{-}}/f_{{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_b^0}$.

In this paper we analyze two different models of two interacting conformal Carroll particles that can be obtained as the Carrollian limit of two relativistic conformal particles. The first model describes particles with zero velocity and exhibits infinite dimensional symmetries which are reminiscent of the BMS symmetries. A second model of interaction of Carrollian particles is proposed, where the particles have nonzero velocity and therefore, as a consequence of the limit $c\to 0$, are tachyons. Infinite dimensional symmetries are present also in this model.

The microstructure of black holes is a mystery, with no general consensus on questions as basic as to what the constituent particles (if any) might be. We approach these questions with black hole thermodynamics (BHT), augmented with the metric geometry of thermodynamics. This geometry connects to interparticle interactions via the invariant thermodynamic Ricci scalar curvature $R$, which may be calculated with BHT. In ordinary thermodynamics (OT), $R$ is positive/negative for interparticle interactions that are repulsive/attractive. Its magnitude is the correlation length. The basic universality of thermodynamics leads us to expect similar relations for BHT. Our contribution here is motivated by a physical simplification that frequently occurs at low temperatures $T$ in OT: complicated interparticle interactions tend to freeze out, leaving only the basic quantum statistical interactions, such as those of ideal Fermi and Bose gasses. Our hope is that a similar simplification happens in black holes in the extremal limit, where the BHT temperature $T\to 0$. We evaluate the extremal regime for 12 BHT models from the literature, working with the independent variables mass, angular momentum, charge, and the cosmological constant $\{M,J,Q,\mathrm{\Lambda }\}$ respectively. We allowed only two of these variables to fluctuate at a time, with the other two fixed. $M$ always fluctuated, either $J$ or $Q$ fluctuated, and $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ was always fixed. We found that, at constant average $M$, the thermodynamic invariant $R$ has a limiting divergence $R=c{T}^{-1}$, with the nonsingular constant $c$ depending only on $M$ and the two fixed parameters. $c$ is positive for $11/12$ of the models we examined, and negative only for the tidal charged model. The positive sign for $R$ indicates a BHT microstructure composed of particles with repulsive (fermionic) interactions. The limiting BHT expression for $R$ resembles that for the two- and three-dimensional ideal Fermi gasses at constant volume, which also have a limiting divergence $R=c{T}^{-1}$, and with a positive $c$.

We continue the study of the Tomita-Takesaki modular conjugation for a massless Dirac field in a generic multicomponent region in $1+1$ spacetime dimensions. In this paper we focus on the computations for a thermal state on a circle, namely on the euclidean torus. By analytic continuation from the modular flow we arrive at an explicit expression for the modular conjugation in this scenario and derive its relevant limits. In contrast to the case of the vacuum on the line, this new result has a nonlocal behavior even for connected regions. It also presents a novel contribution coming from the purification one has to introduce in order to deal with a mixed state; a term that maps the algebra of operators of the region to a copy of the global one, the so-called “second world” algebra.

We study the spectrum of scalar charged operators in conformal field theories (CFTs) with a $U(1)$ global symmetry. The charged operators are dual, by the state-operator correspondence, to homogeneous charged states on the sphere. Such states can break the $U(1)$ symmetry, and we define what we call the large-$f$ regime in the CFT as one where the symmetry-breaking scale is much higher than the scale of the CFT sphere. In such a regime, there is a (approximate) Goldstone boson associated with the breaking. We show that the consistency of the Goldstone boson physics implies that the spectrum of states, and therefore of operators, must be convex in charge. More precisely, we show that any family of operators of different charges, which are lowest dimension for their charge, and which additionally share the same realization of the Goldstone boson in terms of the degrees of freedom of the CFT, must be convex.

In this paper, we discuss a fully nonlinear mechanism for the formation of scalarized rotating black holes in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, where Kerr black holes are linearly stable, but unstable against nonlinear scalar perturbations. With the help of the pseudospectral method, we obtain a spectrum of nonlinearly scalarized rotating black hole solutions with multiple scalarized branches. Moreover, we investigate the thermodynamic properties of nonlinearly scalarized rotating black holes and find the phase transition between Kerr and these scalarized black holes.

Ultralight bosonic fields (ULBFs) are predicted by various theories beyond the standard model of particle physics and are viable candidates of cold dark matter. There has been increasing interest in searching for the ULBFs in physical and astronomical experiments. In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of several planned space-based gravitational-wave interferometers to ultralight scalar and vector fields. Using time-delay interferometry to suppress the overwhelming laser frequency noise, we derive the averaged transfer functions of different time-delay interferometry combinations to scalar and vector fields, and estimate the impacts of bosonic field’s velocities. We obtain the sensitivity curves for LISA, Taiji, and TianQin and explore their projected constraints on the couplings between ULBFs and standard model particles, illustrating with the ULBFs as dark matter.

We perform an improvement in a thermodynamical consistent model with density-dependent quark masses ($m_{u,d,s}^{\prime }$) by introducing effects of quark confinement/deconfinement phase transition, at high-density regime and zero temperature, by means of the traced Polyakov loop ($\mathrm{\Phi }$). We use realistic values for the current quark masses, provided by the Particle Data Group, and replace the constants of the interacting part of $m_{u,d,s}^{\prime }$ by functions of $\mathrm{\Phi }$, leading to a first-order phase-transition structure, for symmetric and stellar quark matter, with $\mathrm{\Phi }$ being the order parameter. We show that the improved model points out the direction of the chiral-symmetry restoration due to the emergence of a deconfined phase. In another application, we construct quark star mass-radius profiles, obtained from this new model, and show to be possible to satisfy recent astrophysical observational data coming from the LIGO and Virgo Collaboration, and the Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) mission concerning the millisecond pulsars PSR $\mathrm{J}0030+0451$ and PSR $\mathrm{J}0740+6620$.

We present a comprehensive study of Parker-type bounds on magnetic monopoles with arbitrary magnetic charge, including minicharged monopoles and magnetic black holes. We derive the bounds based on the survival of galactic magnetic fields, seed magnetic fields, as well as primordial magnetic fields. We find that monopoles with different magnetic charges are best constrained by different astrophysical systems: while monopoles with a Dirac charge are tightly constrained by seed galactic magnetic fields, minicharged monopoles are strongly constrained by primordial magnetic fields, and magnetic black holes by the density of dark matter. We also assess the viability of the various types of monopoles as dark matter, by studying whether they can cluster with galaxies hosting magnetic fields.

Axionlike-particles are a well-motivated extension of the Standard Model that can mediate interactions between the dark matter and ordinary matter. Here we consider an axion portal between the two sectors, where the axion couples to dark matter and to QCD gluons. We establish the relevant processes of interest across the scales of dark matter and axion masses and couplings, identify the distinct mechanisms that control the dark matter relic abundance in each case, and extract the resulting experimental signatures of the gluonic axion portal to dark matter.