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Kinetic and canonical momentum broadening in the glasma

Dana Avramescu1,2,*, Carlos Lamas4,†, Tuomas Lappi1,2,‡, Meijian Li3,4,§, and Carlos A. Salgado4,5,∥

  • *Contact author: dana.d.avramescu@jyu.fi
  • †Contact author: carloslamas.rodriguez@usc.es
  • ‡Contact author: tuomas.v.v.lappi@jyu.fi
  • §Contact author: meijian.li@usc.es
  • ∥Contact author: carlos.salgado@usc.es
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 054061 – Published 30 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q3lt-cz88

Abstract

We lay the foundations for a quantum formalism describing the real-time evolution of particles in the glasma phase of a heavy-ion collision, focusing on the implications of gauge invariance in the definition of the momentum of a particle in a classical background field. We first establish the correspondence between the classical Wong’s equations and the Heisenberg equations of motion for a particle in a classical non-Abelian background field. Using this correspondence, we obtain equations of motion for both the kinetic momentum—the gauge invariant, physically measurable quantity—and the canonical momentum, which is conjugate to the coordinates in the Hamiltonian. In particular, the kinetic momentum broadening receives nontrivial contributions from the transverse field components, even in the eikonal limit. Finally, we demonstrate that imposing a transverse Coulomb gauge condition at the initial time significantly reduces the accumulation of numerical errors, thereby providing an optimized framework for the forthcoming quantum implementation.

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See Also

Light-front Hamiltonian jet evolution in the glasma

Dana Avramescu, Carlos Lamas, Tuomas Lappi, Meijian Li, and Carlos A. Salgado
Phys. Rev. D 114, 054062 (2026)

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 054061– Published 30 September, 2026
  • Received 19 May 2026
  • Accepted 13 August 2026
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