- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Light-front Hamiltonian jet evolution in the glasma

Dana Avramescu1,2,*, Carlos Lamas4,†, Tuomas Lappi1,2,‡, Meijian Li3,4,§, and Carlos A. Salgado4,5,∥

  • *Contact author: dana.d.avramescu@jyu.fi
  • †Contact author: carloslamas.rodriguez@usc.es
  • ‡Contact author: tuomas.v.v.lappi@jyu.fi
  • §Contact author: meijianli@hust.edu.cn
  • ∥Contact author: carlos.salgado@usc.es
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 114, 054062 – Published 30 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jzsq-p93v

Abstract

We develop a light-front Hamiltonian formalism to study the real-time quantum evolution of a high-energy quark propagating through the glasma phase of a heavy-ion collision. In this work, the quark Fock space is truncated to the |q⟩ sector, and the wave function is expanded in a discrete basis representation, following the time-dependent basis light-front quantization (tBLFQ) framework. The classical glasma background fields enter as a time-dependent external potential, and physical observables are extracted as expectation values of quantum operators over the time-evolved state. We compute the transverse momentum broadening and the jet quenching parameter, finding results consistent with classical estimates, including the expected scaling with respect to the saturation momentum, and we use them to perform phenomenological estimations for different collision systems. We also study the color rotation of the quark state induced by the glasma fields and examine its dependence on the saturation scale and the gauge choice. This formalism allows systematic improvements to include, in particular, noneikonal propagation and parton splittings that will be considered in forthcoming publications.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Kinetic and canonical momentum broadening in the glasma

Dana Avramescu, Carlos Lamas, Tuomas Lappi, Meijian Li, and Carlos A. Salgado
Phys. Rev. D 114, 054061 (2026)

Article Text

References (110)

  1. M. Gyulassy and M. Plumer, Phys. Lett. B 243, 432 (1990).
  2. J. Casalderrey-Solana and C. A. Salgado, Acta Phys. Pol. B 38, 3731 (2007).
  3. A. Majumder and M. Van Leeuwen, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 66, 41 (2011).
  4. Y. Mehtar-Tani, J. G. Milhano, and K. Tywoniuk, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 28, 1340013 (2013).
  5. S. Cao and X.-N. Wang, Rep. Prog. Phys. 84, 024301 (2021).
  6. L. Apolinário, Y.-J. Lee, and M. Winn, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 127, 103990 (2022).
  7. G. Aad et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 252303 (2010).
  8. L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 062301 (2017).
  9. S. Chatrchyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 1945 (2012).
  10. K. Adcox et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 022301 (2002).
  11. A. Kovner, L. D. McLerran, and H. Weigert, Phys. Rev. D 52, 6231 (1995).
  12. T. Lappi and L. McLerran, Nucl. Phys. A772, 200 (2006).
  13. K. Fukushima and F. Gelis, Nucl. Phys. A874, 108 (2012).
  14. F. Gelis, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 28, 1330001 (2013).
  15. J. L. Albacete and C. Marquet, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 76, 1 (2014).
  16. S. Cao et al. (JETSCAPE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 104, 024905 (2021).
  17. A. Ipp, D. I. Müller, and D. Schuh, Phys. Rev. D 102, 074001 (2020).
  18. A. Ipp, D. I. Müller, S. Schlichting, and P. Singh, Phys. Rev. D 104, 114040 (2021).
  19. M. E. Carrington, A. Czajka, and S. Mrowczynski, Phys. Lett. B 834, 137464 (2022).
  20. D. Avramescu, V. Băran, V. Greco, A. Ipp, D. I. Müller, and M. Ruggieri, Phys. Rev. D 107, 114021 (2023).
  21. K. Boguslavski, A. Kurkela, T. Lappi, F. Lindenbauer, and J. Peuron, Phys. Rev. D 109, 014025 (2024).
  22. K. Boguslavski, A. Kurkela, T. Lappi, F. Lindenbauer, and J. Peuron, Phys. Lett. B 850, 138525 (2024).
  23. K. Boguslavski, A. Kurkela, T. Lappi, F. Lindenbauer, and J. Peuron, Phys. Rev. D 110, 034019 (2024).
  24. A. Altenburger, K. Boguslavski, and F. Lindenbauer, arXiv:2509.03868.
  25. J. Barata, J. G. Milhano, A. V. Sadofyev, and J. M. Silva, arXiv:2512.17009.
  26. C. Andres, N. Armesto, H. Niemi, R. Paatelainen, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Lett. B 803, 135318 (2020).
  27. D. Zigic, B. Ilic, M. Djordjevic, and M. Djordjevic, Phys. Rev. C 101, 064909 (2020).
  28. S. P. Adhya and K. Tywoniuk, arXiv:2409.04295.
  29. D. Pablos and A. Takacs, Phys. Rev. C 113, 044913 (2026).
  30. A. Ipp, D. I. Müller, and D. Schuh, Phys. Lett. B 810, 135810 (2020).
  31. M. E. Carrington, A. Czajka, and S. Mrowczynski, Phys. Rev. C 105, 064910 (2022).
  32. M. E. Carrington, B. T. Friesen, and S. Mrowczynski, Phys. Rev. C 114, 014906 (2026).
  33. M. Ruggieri and S. K. Das, Phys. Rev. D 98, 094024 (2018).
  34. Y. Sun, G. Coci, S. K. Das, S. Plumari, M. Ruggieri, and V. Greco, Phys. Lett. B 798, 134933 (2019).
  35. M. E. Carrington, A. Czajka, and S. Mrowczynski, Nucl. Phys. A1001, 121914 (2020).
  36. P. Khowal, S. K. Das, L. Oliva, and M. Ruggieri, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 137, 307 (2022).
  37. M. Ruggieri, Pooja, J. Prakash, and S. K. Das, Phys. Rev. D 106, 034032 (2022).
  38. L. Oliva, G. Parisi, V. Greco, and M. Ruggieri, Phys. Rev. D 112, 014008 (2025).
  39. Pooja, M. Y. Jamal, P. P. Bhaduri, M. Ruggieri, and S. K. Das, Phys. Rev. D 110, 094018 (2024).
  40. D. Avramescu, V. Greco, T. Lappi, H. Mäntysaari, and D. Müller, Phys. Rev. D 111, 074036 (2025).
  41. D. Avramescu, V. Greco, T. Lappi, H. Mäntysaari, and D. Müller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 172301 (2025).
  42. L. Backfried, K. Boguslavski, and P. Hotzy, Phys. Rev. D 110, 114013 (2024).
  43. J. Barata, S. Hauksson, X. Mayo López, and A. V. Sadofyev, Phys. Rev. D 110, 094055 (2024).
  44. F. Gelis, K. Kajantie, and T. Lappi, Phys. Rev. C 71, 024904 (2005).
  45. F. Gelis, K. Kajantie, and T. Lappi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032304 (2006).
  46. F. Gelis and N. Tanji, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2016) 126.
  47. N. Tanji and J. Berges, Phys. Rev. D 97, 034013 (2018).
  48. S. J. Brodsky, H.-C. Pauli, and S. S. Pinsky, Phys. Rep. 301, 299 (1998).
  49. S. J. Brodsky, G. F. de Teramond, H. G. Dosch, and J. Erlich, Phys. Rep. 584, 1 (2015).
  50. J. P. Vary, C. Mondal, S. Xu, X. Zhao, and Y. Li, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 235, 1557 (2026).
  51. X. Zhao, A. Ilderton, P. Maris, and J. P. Vary, Phys. Rev. D 88, 065014 (2013).
  52. G. Chen, X. Zhao, Y. Li, K. Tuchin, and J. P. Vary, Phys. Rev. D 95, 096012 (2017).
  53. B. Hu, A. Ilderton, and X. Zhao, Phys. Rev. D 102, 016017 (2020).
  54. Z. Lei, B. Hu, and X. Zhao, arXiv:2201.01746.
  55. J. P. Vary, H. Honkanen, J. Li, P. Maris, S. J. Brodsky, A. Harindranath, G. F. de Teramond, P. Sternberg, E. G. Ng, and C. Yang, Phys. Rev. C 81, 035205 (2010).
  56. M. Li, X. Zhao, P. Maris, G. Chen, Y. Li, K. Tuchin, and J. P. Vary, Phys. Rev. D 101, 076016 (2020).
  57. M. Li, T. Lappi, and X. Zhao, Phys. Rev. D 104, 056014 (2021).
  58. M. Li, T. Lappi, X. Zhao, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Rev. D 108, 036016 (2023).
  59. M. Li, T. Lappi, X. Zhao, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Rev. D 112, 016009 (2025).
  60. J. Barata, X. Du, M. Li, W. Qian, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Rev. D 106, 074013 (2022).
  61. J. Barata, X. Du, M. Li, W. Qian, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Rev. D 108, 056023 (2023).
  62. W. Qian, M. Li, C. A. Salgado, and M. Kreshchuk, Phys. Rev. D 111, 096001 (2025).
  63. M. Li, Proc. Sci. LHCP2024 (2025) 105 [arXiv:2411.01318].
  64. D. Avramescu, C. Lamas, T. Lappi, M. Li, and C. A. Salgado, preceding paper, Phys. Rev. D 114, 054061 (2026).
  65. I. Balitsky, Nucl. Phys. B463, 99 (1996).
  66. E. Iancu and R. Venugopalan, The Color glass condensate and high-energy scattering in QCD, in Quark-Gluon Plasma 4, edited by R. C. Hwa and X.-N. Wang (World Scientific, Singapore, 2003), pp. 249–3363, 10.1142/9789812795533_0005.
  67. F. Gelis, E. Iancu, J. Jalilian-Marian, and R. Venugopalan, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 60, 463 (2010).
  68. L. D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. D 49, 2233 (1994).
  69. L. D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. D 49, 3352 (1994).
  70. L. D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. D 50, 2225 (1994).
  71. T. Lappi, Eur. Phys. J. C 55, 285 (2008).
  72. K. Fukushima, Phys. Rev. D 77, 074005 (2008).
  73. A. Kovner, L. D. McLerran, and H. Weigert, Phys. Rev. D 52, 3809 (1995).
  74. A. Krasnitz and R. Venugopalan, Nucl. Phys. B557, 237 (1999).
  75. D. Müller, Simulations of the glasma in 3 + 1D, Ph.D. thesis, Vienna, Tech. University, 2019.
  76. A. Dumitru, H. Fujii, and Y. Nara, Phys. Rev. D 88, 031503 (2013).
  77. A. Dumitru, T. Lappi, and Y. Nara, Phys. Lett. B 734, 7 (2014).
  78. M. Ruggieri, L. Oliva, G. X. Peng, and V. Greco, Phys. Rev. D 97, 076004 (2018).
  79. T. Lappi, Phys. Rev. C 67, 054903 (2003).
  80. J. P. Blaizot, T. Lappi, and Y. Mehtar-Tani, Nucl. Phys. A846, 63 (2010).
  81. K. Boguslavski, A. Kurkela, T. Lappi, and J. Peuron, Phys. Rev. D 98, 014006 (2018).
  82. F. V. Gubarev, L. Stodolsky, and V. I. Zakharov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2220 (2001).
  83. F. V. Gubarev and V. I. Zakharov, Phys. Lett. B 501, 28 (2001).
  84. C. T. H. Davies, G. G. Batrouni, G. R. Katz, A. S. Kronfeld, G. P. Lepage, K. G. Wilson, P. Rossi, and B. Svetitsky, Phys. Rev. D 37, 1581 (1988).
  85. A. Cucchieri and T. Mendes, Nucl. Phys. B471, 263 (1996).
  86. S. K. Wong, Nuovo Cimento A 65, 689 (1970).
  87. P. F. Kelly, Q. Liu, C. Lucchesi, and C. Manuel, Phys. Rev. D 50, 4209 (1994).
  88. D. F. Litim and C. Manuel, Nucl. Phys. B562, 237 (1999).
  89. D. F. Litim and C. Manuel, Phys. Rep. 364, 451 (2002).
  90. M. E. Carrington, S. Mrówczyński, and B. Schenke, Phys. Rev. C 95, 024906 (2017).
  91. L. Wen, M. Li, Y. Zhou, Y. Li, and J. P. Vary, Phys. Rev. D 112, 014019 (2025).
  92. U. W. Heinz, Ann. Phys. (Amsterdam) 161, 48 (1985).
  93. R. Baier, Y. L. Dokshitzer, A. H. Mueller, S. Peigne, and D. Schiff, Nucl. Phys. B483, 291 (1997).
  94. D. Avramescu, V. Băran, V. Greco, A. Ipp, D. I. Müller, and M. Ruggieri, Proc. Sci. HardProbes2023 (2024) 056 [arXiv:2307.07999].
  95. N. Armesto, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 242301 (2004).
  96. R. Baier and Y. Mehtar-Tani, Phys. Rev. C 78, 064906 (2008).
  97. A. V. Sadofyev, M. D. Sievert, and I. Vitev, Phys. Rev. D 104, 094044 (2021).
  98. S. Hauksson, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, Phys. Rev. C 105, 014914 (2022).
  99. J. Barata, A. V. Sadofyev, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Rev. D 105, 114010 (2022).
  100. J. Barata, X. Mayo López, A. V. Sadofyev, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Rev. D 108, 034018 (2023).
  101. J. Barata, C. A. Salgado, and J. M. Silva, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 023.
  102. J. Barata, M. V. Kuzmin, X. Mayo López, A. V. Sadofyev, and C. A. Salgado, arXiv:2512.11951.
  103. C. Andres, F. Dominguez, A. V. Sadofyev, and C. A. Salgado, Phys. Rev. D 106, 074023 (2022).
  104. S. Hauksson and E. Iancu, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2023) 027.
  105. M. V. Kuzmin, X. Mayo López, J. Reiten, and A. V. Sadofyev, Phys. Rev. D 109, 014036 (2024).
  106. J. Brewer, A. Mazeliauskas, and W. van der Schee, in Opportunities of OO and pO Collisions at the LHC (2021).
  107. A. Hayrapetyan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 162301 (2026).
  108. Z. Citron et al., CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 7, 1159 (2019).
  109. N. F. Castro, J. G. Milhano, and M. G. J. Oliveira, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 1324 (2025).
  110. https://github.com/avramescudana/curraun/tree/jets.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 114, 054062– Published 30 September, 2026
  • Received 19 May 2026
  • Accepted 13 August 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation