We study the medium-induced gluon emission from a hard quark jet traversing the dense nuclear matter within the framework of deep inelastic scattering off a large nucleus. We extend the previous work and compute the single gluon emission spectrum including both transverse and longitudinal momentum exchanges between the hard jet parton and the medium constituents. On the other hand, with only transverse scattering and using static scattering centers for the traversed medium, our induced gluon emission spectrum in the soft gluon limit reduces to the Gyulassy-Levai-Vitev one-rescattering-one-emission formula.

The $\alpha$-decay half-lives of ${}^{285\text{–}289}\mathrm{Fl}$ isotopes and their decay chains are investigated by employing the generalized liquid-drop model (GLDM), the unified fission model, the Royer's analytical formula, and the universal decay law. For the GLDM, we take into account the shell correction. The agreement between the experimental data and the calculations indicates that all the methods we used are successful to reproduce $\alpha$-decay half-lives of ${}^{285\text{–}289}\mathrm{Fl}$. For the unknown nuclei, the $\alpha$-decay half-lives have been predicted by inputting $\alpha$-decay energies ($Q_{\alpha }$) extracted from the finite-range droplet model and the updated Weizsäcker-Skyrme-4 (WS4) model. It is found that the shell correction would enlarge the calculated $\alpha$-decay half-lives in the region from ${}^{292}\mathrm{Fl}$ to ${}^{298}\mathrm{Fl}$, where the shell effects are evident. We confirm that $N=184$ is the neutron magic number and $N=178$ is the submagic number by analyzing the $\alpha$-decay half-lives and the shell correction energies. The competition between $\alpha$-decay and spontaneous fission is discussed in detail and the decay modes of ${}^{280\text{–}283}\mathrm{Fl}$ and ${}^{290\text{–}305}\mathrm{Fl}$ have been predicted. Our calculations are in good agreement with the experiments for the decay properties of ${}^{284\text{–}289}\mathrm{Fl}$. We also predict ${}^{284,286}\mathrm{Fl}$ with both $\alpha$-decay and spontaneous fission. The ${}^{280\text{–}283,290\text{–}295,297}\mathrm{Fl}$ isotopes are $\alpha$ decay, ${}^{300\text{–}305}\mathrm{Fl}$ undergo spontaneous fission, and ${}^{296,298,299}\mathrm{Fl}$ would have both $\alpha$-decay and spontaneous fission. We also predict the decay chains of ${}^{280\text{–}283,290,291}\mathrm{Fl}$.

Tensor force is identified in each meson-nucleon coupling in the relativistic Hartree-Fock theory. It is found that all the meson-nucleon couplings, except the $\sigma$-scalar one, give rise to the tensor force. The effects of tensor force on various nuclear properties can now be investigated quantitatively, which allows fair and direct comparisons with the corresponding results in the nonrelativistic framework. The tensor effects on nuclear binding energies and the evolutions of the $Z,N=8,20$, and 28 magic gaps are studied. The tensor contributions to the binding energies are shown to be tiny in general. The $Z,N=8$ and 20 gaps are sensitive to the tensor force, but the $Z,N=28$ gaps are not.

The proton-neutron symplectic model with Sp(12,$R$) dynamical algebra is applied to the simultaneous description of the microscopic structure of the low-lying states of the lowest ground, $\beta$, and $\gamma$ bands in ${}^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$. For this purpose, the model Hamiltonian is diagonalized in a U(6)-coupled basis, restricted to the state space spanned by the fully symmetric U(6) irreps. A good description of the energy levels of the three bands under consideration as well as the intraband $B\left(E2\right)$ transition strengths between the states of the ground band is obtained without the use of an effective charge. The microscopic structure of low-lying collective states in ${}^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ shows that there are no admixtures from the higher shells and hence shows the presence of a very good U(6) dynamical symmetry. It is also shown that, in contrast to the Sp(6,$R$) case, the lowest excited bands, e.g., the $\beta$ and $\gamma$ bands, naturally appear together with the ground band within a single Sp(12,$R$) irreducible representation. The obtained results is given a simple geometrical multiphonon interpretation, based on the algebraic realization of the coupled two-rotor picture, which in turn suggests an interpretation of the low-lying excited bands as relative proton-neutron excitations of the two-component nuclear system, governed by the $Q_p·Q_n$ interaction.

Coulomb and nuclear dissociation of ${}^{17}\mathrm{Ne}$ on light and heavy targets are studied theoretically. The dipole E1 strength function is determined in a broad energy range including energies of astrophysical interest. Dependence of the strength function on different parameters of the ${}^{17}\mathrm{Ne}$ ground-state structure and continuum dynamics is analyzed in a three-body model. The discovered dependence plays an important role for studies of the strength functions for the three-body E1 dissociation and radiative capture. The constraints on the $\left[s^2\right]/\left[d^2\right]$ configuration mixing in ${}^{17}\mathrm{Ne}$ and on $p$-wave interaction in the ${}^{15}\mathrm{O}$+$p$ channel are imposed based on experimental data for ${}^{17}\mathrm{Ne}$ Coulomb dissociation on heavy target.

Hanbury-Brown–Twiss correlation functions and radii from event-by-event hydrodynamics (HoTCoffeeh) is a new computational tool which determines Hanbury-Brown–Twiss (HBT) charged-pion (${\pi }^{+}$) correlation functions and radii for event-by-event hydrodynamics with fluctuating initial conditions in terms of Cooper–Frye integrals, including resonance-decay contributions. In this paper, we review the basic formalism for computing the HBT correlation functions and radii with resonance-decay contributions included and discuss our implementation of this formalism in the form of HoTCoffeeh. This tool may easily be integrated with other numerical packages [see, e.g., [Comput. Phys. Commun. 199, 61 (2016)]] for the purpose of simulating the evolution of heavy-ion collisions and thereby extracting predictions for heavy-ion observables.

We study the effects of hydrodynamic fluctuations in non-boost-invariant longitudinal expansion of matter formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions. We formulate the theory of thermal noise within second-order viscous hydrodynamics treating noise as a perturbation on top of the non-boost-invariant flow. We develop a numerical simulation model to treat the (1+1)-dimension hydrodynamic evolution. The code is tested to reproduce the analytic results for the Riemann solver for expansion of matter in vacuum. For viscous hydrodynamic expansion, the initial energy density distribution are obtained by reproducing the measured charged hadron rapidity distribution at the RHIC energies. We show that the longitudinal rapidity correlations arising from space-time-dependent thermal noise and from an induced thermal perturbation have distinct structures. In general, the rapidity correlations are found to be dominated by temperature fluctuations at small rapidity separation and velocity fluctuations at large rapidities. We demonstrate that thermal noise produce ridgelike two-particle rapidity correlations which persist at moderately large rapidities. The magnitude and pattern of the correlations are quite sensitive to various second-order dissipative formalisms and to the underlying equations of state, especially at large rapidities. The short-range part of the rapidity correlation is found to be somewhat enhanced as compared to that in boost-invariant flow of matter.

We present a systematic procedure for the construction of relativistic lattice Boltzmann models (R-SLB) appropriate for the simulation of flows of massless particles. Quadrature rules are used for the discretization of the momentum space in spherical coordinates. The models are optimized for one-dimensional flows. The applications considered in this paper are the Sod shock tube and the one-dimensional boost invariant expansion (Bjorken flow). Our models are tested against exact solutions in the inviscid and ballistic limits. At intermediate relaxation times (finite viscosity), we compare with the results obtained using the Boltzmann approach of multiparton scattering model for the Sod shock tube problem, as well as with a semianalytic solution for the nonideal Bjorken flow. In all cases our models give remarkably good results. We define a convergence test in order to find the quadrature order necessary to obtain convergence at a predefined accuracy. We show that, while in the hydrodynamic regime the number of velocities is comparable to that required for the more popular collision-streaming type models, as we go towards the ballistic regime, the size of the velocity set must be substantially increased in order to accurately reproduce the analytic profiles.

For relativistic heavy ion collisions, the Bjorken formula is very useful for estimating the initial energy density once an initial time ${\tau }_0$ is specified. However, it cannot be trusted at low energies, e.g., well below $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}\approx 50\mathrm{GeV}$ for central Au+Au collisions, when ${\tau }_0$ is smaller than the finite time it takes for the two nuclei to cross each other. Here I extend the Bjorken formula by including the finite time duration of the initial energy production. Analytical solutions for the formed energy density in the central spacetime-rapidity region are derived for several time profiles. Compared to the Bjorken formula at low energies, the maximum energy density reached is much lower, increases much faster with the collision energy, and is much less sensitive to the uncertainty of the formation time, while the energy density time evolution is much longer. Comparisons with results from a multiphase transport confirm the key features of these solutions. The effect of the finite longitudinal width of the initial energy production, which is neglected in the analytical results, is investigated with the transport model and shown to be small. This work thus provides a general model for the initial energy production of relativistic heavy ion collisions that is also valid at low energies.

The QCD equation of state at zero baryon chemical potential is the only element of the standard dynamical framework to describe heavy ion collisions that can be directly determined from first principles. Continuum extrapolated lattice QCD equations of state have been computed using 2+1 quark flavors (up/down and strange) as well as 2+1+1 flavors to investigate the effect of thermalized charm quarks on QCD thermodynamics. Lattice results have also indicated the presence of new strange resonances that not only contribute to the equation of state of QCD matter but also affect hadronic afterburners used to model the later stages of heavy ion collisions. We investigate how these new developments obtained from first principles calculations affect multiparticle correlations in heavy ion collisions. We compare the commonly used equation of state S95n-v1, which was constructed using what are now considered outdated lattice results and hadron states, to the current state-of-the-art lattice QCD equations of state with 2+1 and 2+1+1 flavors coupled to the most up-to-date hadronic resonances and their decays. New hadronic resonances lead to an enhancement in the hadronic spectra at intermediate $p_T$. Using an outdated equation of state can directly affect the extraction of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio, $\eta /s$, of the quark-gluon plasma and results for different flow observables. The effects of the QCD equation of state on multiparticle correlations of identified particles are determined for both AuAu $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=200$ GeV and PbPb $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV collisions. New insights into the $v_2\left\{2\right\}$ to $v_3\left\{2\right\}$ puzzle in ultracentral collisions are found. Flow observables of heavier particles exhibit more nonlinear behavior regardless of the assumptions about the equation of state, which may provide a new way to constrain the temperature dependence of $\eta /s$.

A method to calculate the form factor for an external current with nonderivative coupling for the three-body system in an effective field theory (EFT) of short-range interactions is shown. Using this method, the point charge radius of ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ is calculated to next-to-next-to-leading order ($\mathrm{NNLO}$) in pionless EFT (EFT($\pi /$)), and the magnetic moment and magnetic radius of ${}^3\mathrm{H}$ and ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ are calculated to next-to-leading order (NLO). For the ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ charge and magnetic form factors Coulomb interactions are ignored. The ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ point charge radius is given by 1.74(4) fm at $\mathrm{NNLO}$. This agrees well with the experimental ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ point charge radius of 1.7753(54) fm [Angeli and Marinova, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 99, 69 (2013)]. The ${}^3\mathrm{H}$ (${}^3\mathrm{He}$) magnetic moment in units of nuclear magnetons is found to be 2.92(35) $(-2.08(25\left)\right)$ at NLO in agreement with the experimental value of 2.979 ($-2.127$). For ${}^3\mathrm{H}$ (${}^3\mathrm{He}$) the NLO magnetic radius is 1.78(11) fm (1.85(11) fm), which agrees with the experimental value of 1.840(182) fm (1.965(154) fm) [Sick, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 47, 245 (2001)]. The fitting of the low-energy constant $L_1$ of the isovector two-body magnetic current and the consequences of Wigner-SU(4) symmetry for the three-nucleon magnetic moments are also discussed.

Background: Specific noncompound processes such as breakup (BU) and distinct direct reactions (DR) make deuteron-induced reactions different from reactions with other incident particles. Significant discrepancies with measured cross sections were caused by taking into account only the pre-equilibrium emission (PE) and compound-nucleus (CN) mechanisms while microscopic calculation of inclusive BU and DR cross sections is still investigated numerically. Thus, reaction cross sections recommended most recently for high-priority elements are still based on data fit.

Purpose: Accurate new measurements of low-energy deuteron-induced reaction cross sections for natural Cr target can enhance the related database and the opportunity for a unitary and consistent account of the involved reaction mechanisms.

Methods: The activation cross sections of ${}^{51,52,54}\mathrm{Mn}$, ${}^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$, and ${}^{48}\mathrm{V}$ nuclei for deuterons incident on natural Cr at energies up to 20 MeV were measured by the stacked-foil technique and high resolution $\gamma$ spectrometry using the U-120M cyclotron of the Center of Accelerators and Nuclear Analytical Methods (CANAM) of the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (NPI CAS). They, as well as formerly available data for deuteron interactions with Cr isotopes up to 60 MeV, are the object of an extended analysis of all processes from elastic scattering until the evaporation from a fully equilibrated compound system, but with particular attention given to the BU and DR mechanisms.

Results: The new measured activation excitation functions proved essential for the enrichment of the deuteron database, while the theoretical analysis of all available data strengthens for the first time their consistent account, provided that a suitable BU and DR assessment is completed by the assumption of PE and CN contributions corrected for decrease of the total-reaction cross section due to the leakage of the initial deuteron flux towards BU and DR processes.

Conclusions: The suitable description of nuclear mechanisms involved within deuteron-induced reactions on chromium, taking into account especially the BU and DR direct processes, is validated by an overall agreement of the calculated and measured cross sections, including particularly the new experimental data at low energies.

The cross sections of the ${}^{191}\mathrm{Ir}(n,2n){}^{190}\mathrm{Ir}$ and ${}^{191}\mathrm{Ir}(n,3n){}^{189}\mathrm{Ir}$ reactions have been determined by means of the activation technique, relative to the ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}(n,\alpha ){}^{24}\mathrm{Na}$ reaction, at neutron beam energies higher than 15 MeV. The quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams were produced at the 5.5 MV Tandem T11/25 Accelerator Laboratory of NCSR “Demokritos” by implementing the ${}^3\mathrm{H}(d,n){}^4\mathrm{He}$ reaction. The induced $\gamma$-ray activity of the irradiated target and reference foils was measured with high resolution, high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors. The cross section for the high-spin isomeric state (${11}^{-}$) of the ${}^{190}\mathrm{Ir}$ nucleus was determined along with the sum of the ground ($4^{-}$), the first ($1^{-}$), and the second (${11}^{-}$) isomeric states. Moreover, the cross section for the production of the ground state of the residual nucleus of $(n,3n)$ reaction, ${}^{189}\mathrm{Ir}$, was also estimated. Additionally, cross section theoretical calculations were carried out using the empire 3.2.2 and talys 1.8 codes, in which the input parameters were chosen in such a way as to simultaneously reproduce several experimental reaction channel cross sections in a satisfactory way, namely the $(n,2n)$, $(n,3n)$, $(n,p)$, $(n,\alpha )$, and $(n,\text{total})$ ones. Similar combination of theoretical model parameters had also been successfully used in the case of the neighboring ${}^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ nucleus, and this constitutes an encouraging confirmation of how accurately the theoretical models can reproduce the experimental results in this mass region.

Different scenarios for modeling resonances in a thermal model description of hadron yields measured in heavy-ion collisions are explored: the zero-width approximation, the energy-independent Breit-Wigner scheme, and the energy-dependent Breit-Wigner (eBW) scheme. Application of the eBW scheme leads to a notable suppression in the proton yields, stemming mainly from a reduced feed-down from $\mathrm{\Delta }$ resonances because of the threshold effects. A significantly improved agreement of a thermal model with hadron yields measured in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV by the ALICE Collaboration is obtained in the eBW scheme at $T\simeq 155$ MeV, indicating a possible resolution of the so-called “proton anomaly.” The results obtained show that there are significant systematic uncertainties in the thermal model due to the modeling of broad resonances.

Background: It has been proposed that the azimuthal distributions of heavy flavor quark-antiquark pairs may be modified in the medium of a heavy-ion collision.

Purpose: This work tests this proposition through next-to-leading order (NLO) calculations of the azimuthal distribution $d\sigma /d\varphi$, including transverse momentum broadening, employing $\langle k_T^2\rangle$ and fragmentation in exclusive $Q\overline{Q}$ pair production. While these studies were done for $p+p,p+\overline{p}$, and $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions, understanding azimuthal angle correlations between heavy quarks in these smaller, colder systems is important for their interpretation in heavy-ion collisions.

Methods: First, single inclusive $p_T$ distributions calculated with the exclusive hvqmnr code are compared to those calculated in the fixed-order next-to-leading logarithm approach. Next the azimuthal distributions are calculated and sensitivities to $\langle k_T^2\rangle ,p_T$ cut, and rapidity are studied at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV. Finally, calculations are compared to $Q\overline{Q}$ data in elementary $p+p$ and $p+\overline{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 1.96 TeV as well as to the nuclear modification factor $R_{p\mathrm{Pb}}\left(p_T\right)$ in $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV measured by ALICE.

Results: The low $p_T$ ($p_T<10$ GeV) azimuthal distributions are very sensitive to the $k_T$ broadening and rather insensitive to the fragmentation function. The NLO contributions can result in an enhancement at $\varphi \sim 0$ absent any other effects. Agreement with the data was found to be good.

Conclusions: The NLO calculations, assuming collinear factorization and introducing $k_T$ broadening, result in significant modifications of the azimuthal distribution at low $p_T$ which must be taken into account in calculations of these distributions in heavy-ion collisions.

We investigate the $s$-wave three-body system of two neutrons and one flavored meson with total spin-isospin $J=0,I=3/2$. The meson-neutron scattering length can become infinitely large when extrapolated to an unphysical region of the quark mass between strangeness and charm in the so-called zero coupling limit. Using a low-energy cluster effective field theory, we demonstrate that the Efimov effect is formally manifest in the three-body system when the meson-neutron scattering length approaches the unitary limit of the two-body interaction. We thereby discuss the consequence of remnant universal physics in the physical $K^{-}nn$ and $D^{0}nn$ systems.

The ${}^{150}\mathrm{Sm}$ nucleus, populated through the $\beta$ decays of ${}^{150}\mathrm{Eu}^m$ and ${}^{150}\mathrm{Pm}$, was investigated by means of $\gamma -\gamma$ coincidence and $\gamma -\gamma$ angular correlation studies using an array of 20 Compton-suppressed Ge detectors. The study particularly focuses on the determination of weakly populated levels and weak decay branches between established levels. A weakly populated state at 1603 keV is established to have spin-parity $0^{+}$ from the angular correlation data; a second weakly populated state at 1786 keV is confirmed to have spin-parity $0^{+}$ on a similar basis.

Estimation of the freeze-out parameters as a function of the rapidity in Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=72\mathrm{GeV}$ in the AFTER@LHC project is performed. The conventional hadron resonance gas model is used for analysis of the events generated by the UrQMD model. The results indicate that one may obtain at least a 2.5 times increase in the baryon chemical potential ${\mu }_B$ in the forward rapidity range compared to the midrapidity range. The ${\mu }_B$ values in the rapidity range of $0<y<4.5$ for AFTER@LHC are comparable to those covered by the RHIC Beam Energy Scan program. Thus, a rapidity scan in the AFTER@LHC project provides a complementary approach for study of the QCD phase diagram.

The systematic of the spontaneous fission half-lives for the nuclei ${}^{242–262}\mathrm{Fm}$ and ${}^{250–260}\mathrm{No}$ is analyzed, within a least action scheme, with the parametrization D1M of the Gogny energy density functional. The properties of the dynamic (least action) fission paths are analyzed and compared to those of the static (minimal energy) ones. The constrained Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation is used to compute deformed mean-field configurations, zero-point quantum corrections, and collective inertias. It is shown that a cumbersome full variational search of the least action fission path, within the space of Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) states, might not be required if the relevant degrees of freedom are taken into account in the minimization of the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin action. The action is minimized in terms of pairing fluctuations that explore the pairing content of the HFB states along the fission paths of the considered nuclei. It is found that, for a given shape, the minimum of the action in fermium and nobelium nuclei corresponds to a value of the pairing fluctuations larger than the one associated with the minimal energy solution for the same shape. The reduction of the action, via larger pairing correlations, has a significant impact on the predicted spontaneous fission half-lives, improving their comparison with experiments by several orders of magnitude.

The $\beta$ decay of neutron-rich ${}^{74}\mathrm{Cu}$ has been studied at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. By using a high-resolution mass separator a purified ${}^{74}\mathrm{Cu}$ beam was obtained, thus allowing decay through its isobar chain to stable ${}^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$ without any decay chain member dominating. A total of $170\gamma$ rays were associated with ${}^{74}\mathrm{Cu}\beta$ decay with 111 placed in the ${}^{74}\mathrm{Zn}$ level scheme. Updated $\beta$ feeding intensities and estimated $log\left(ft\right)$ values are presented, and new $J^{\pi }$ assignments are proposed using shell model calculations. The progression of simulated total absorption $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy (TAGS) based on proposed levels and $\beta$-feeding values from previous measurements to this evaluation are presented and demonstrate the need for a TAGS measurements for this and similar decays.