The freedom due to uncertainties in the off-shell nucleon-nucleon interaction is exploited by means of unitary transformations to generate a set of deuteron wave functions which differ primarily at short distances but reproduce the well-known static and dynamic properties of the deuteron. A set of transformations is introduced which offers a much wider degree of freedom in short-range correlations over those of Haftel and Tabakin. The bound-state momentum distributions, $P\left(p\right)\mathrm{}$, differ significantly for large $p$ from each other and from the momentum distribution for the Reid soft-core wave function. These variations in the wave functions introduced here, while consistent with the conventional deuteron properties, generate a significant uncertainty in a model calculation of smearing effects for inelastic electron-deuteron scattering. This uncertainty increases with $x=\frac{q^2}{2M\nu }$, the scaling variable. For these wave functions we estimate a maximum of 15% uncertainty in the smeared ratio of the neutron to proton structure functions [$\frac{W_{2n}}{W_{2p}}$] at $x=0.788\mathrm{}$ for a target missing mass greater than 2 GeV. Additionally, we find, in agreement with West, evidence to support the conclusion that smearing effects vanish near $\omega =1.5\mathrm{}$. This property is observed for all the wave functions studied here.

The importance of the electromagnetic interaction currents in parity-nonconserving transitions is discussed together with the extension of the Siegert theorem to the parity-nonconserving case. The Siegert theorem is not valid beyond the static limit, and we show that besides this question of validity, it cannot be applied in the usual form if wave functions are used which are calculated through a perturbation series.

Subject to the validity of the $K$-matrix approximation for atomic nuclei, it is shown that the best single-particle wave functions are obtained from a self-consistent potential with rearrangement terms. These terms are derived from variational calculus and it is demonstrated that the solution of the Euler-Lagrange equations provides the single determinant wave function with maximal overlap with the true wave function. We solve the equation for the rearrangement term due to the removal of one particle and show that all $K$ matrix elements are on the energy shell.

It is shown theoretically that the ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}(p,\gamma ){}_{}{}^8{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$ reaction cross section contains substantial contributions from $p$ and $d$ partial waves at laboratory energies, and extrapolations to stellar energies based on the assumption of pure $s$-wave capture are therefore erroneous. However, there is no change in the predicted solar neutrino flux, because the calculated low-energy cross-section factor, 31 eVb, is essentially the same as the empirical value in current use.

Generalized Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (BHF) and renormalized BHF (RBHF) calculations of ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ and ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ have been performed. They are exact, including fully self-consistent single-particle energies and wave functions, except for the truncation of the expansion into oscillator states and the assumption of spherical symmetry. The trends of earlier approximate calculations essentially are confirmed.

The method of correlated quasiparticles is extended to treat the problem of attractive particle-particle matrix elements in the generalized $0^{+}$ mode. A computationally convenient approach to the problem is presented. Sample calculations are performed and compared with the results of pairing model calculations. It is concluded that the nonpairing $0^{+}$ matrix elements play an important role in determining the ground-state properties of deformed nuclei.

A multilevel two-channel $R$-matrix analysis is made for both the neutron total and angle-integrated ($n,\alpha$) cross sections of ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ for 0-5.8-MeV neutrons. Off-resonant phase shifts are described by scattering in a real Woods-Saxon local potential with a spin-orbit term and a parity dependence for the well depths. The well parameters are chosen to bind the $1d_{\frac{5}{2}}$ and $2s_{\frac{1}{2}}$ levels at the energies of the lowest two states in ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ and the quasibound $1d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ level at the centroid of five observed ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ resonances. The $1d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ level is replaced by these five fragments which contain nearly 100% of the $1d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ strength and have their eigenenergy centroid at 5.74 MeV in ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$. The 5.08-MeV level in ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ has 69% of the strength. The $R$-matrix boundary radius must be chosen carefully inside the tail of the potential in order to subtract the $1d_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state and in order to place the unbound $2p$ and $1f$ states at energies consistent with the observed $p$-and $f$-wave fragments. Spectroscopic factors are deduced for 26 levels in ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ between 4.5 and 9.5 MeV and the sums of these factors are 1% for $J^{\pi }={\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$; 5% for ${\frac{1}{2}}^{-}$; 12% for ${\frac{3}{2}}^{-}$; 99% for ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$; 0.1% for ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$; 1% for ${\frac{5}{2}}^{-}$; and 14% for ${\frac{7}{2}}^{-}$. Thus, the observed single-particle structure of ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ in both the bound and unbound region is described by an $R$-matrix-plus-potential analysis.

An analytic model-independent description of the nonlocal-Coulomb-correction effect in the two-nucleon system is given. A first-order estimate of the effect is found to be consistent with recent measurements of the two-neutron scattering length which suggest that $a_{\mathrm{nn}}$ is slightly less negative than $a_{\mathrm{pp}}$. A zero-energy nonlocal correlation length of $\frac{0.6\hslash }{m_{\pi }c}$ is deduced from charge-symmetric models and the mean (-16.4 fm) of the measured values of $a_{\mathrm{nn}}$. A larger value of the correlation length is obtained when symmetry-violating terms necessary to reconcile the ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$-${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ binding-energy-difference discrepancy are included in the interaction.

To investigate the importance of effects of Pauli exclusion principle in reactions involving multinucleon systems, we consider reactions in which deuterons are incident on a recoilless nucleus. First, the binding energy of a model deuteron in the presence of a nuclear Fermi gas (an infinite nucleus) is calculated as a function of nuclear density and deuteron kinetic energy so as to provide some clues to the range of incident energies and nuclear densities where exclusion effects can be expected to be important. The results show that this model deuteron is unbound in the presence of infinite nuclear matter, unless it has a kinetic energy, at least, of the order of 100 MeV. Making some simplifying assumptions, then, we pose a model problem and obtain for the deuteron breakup, elastic scattering, and stripping reactions, Hilbert-Schmidt integral equations in which the Pauli term, in each case, can be identified. Corresponding to Pauli breakup term, Pauli breakup cross sections for deuterons on ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ nucleus have been calculated in a simple model. The dependence of cross sections on directions along which the breakup products emerge and the energy partition among them is investigated. The variation of cross section with incident deuterons' kinetic energy and with nuclear density is also studied. The most prominent and important feature of Pauli breakup is the sharp peaking of cross sections for very asymmetric partition of energy among outgoing particles and is very encouraging for an experimental test. Finally, by considering Pauli breakup of an artifically tightly bound deuteron, we conclude that the Pauli mechanism should be of importance in $\alpha$-particle reactions as well.

The ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$(${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$′)${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$ and ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}({}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He},t){}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ reactions have been studied at an incident-beam energy of 18 MeV. Angular distributions were measured for many low-lying states. The transitions to states below 3.00 MeV excitation in the two reactions were compared using the macroscopic-interaction model of the distorted-wave Born approximation, using a generalized isospin-dependent optical-model potential. The observed $L=4\mathrm{}$ strength in the (${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$,$t$) reaction is inconsistent with both the inelastic scattering results of this work and other measurements of the hexadecapole deformation in this region, indicating that the inelastic scattering and charge-exchange processes may be microscopically more distinct than is suggested by the macroscopic model. Angular distributions for states in ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ above 3 MeV excitation are also presented and discussed. The (${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$,$t$) study also showed that the ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ state of $E_x=4.46\mathrm{}$ MeV is an unresolved doublet, confirming other recent work.

The decay of 9.2-h ${}_{}{}^{62}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zn}$ to states in odd-odd ${}_{}{}^{62}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$ has been studied with the aid of large-volume Ge(Li) $\gamma$-ray detectors. 19 $\gamma$ rays were found to belong to this decay, and all were placed in a decay scheme containing states in ${}_{}{}^{62}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$ at 0 ($J^{\pi }=1^{+}$), 40.94 ($2^{+}$), 243.44 ($2^{+}$), 287.98 ($2^{+}$), 426.3 ($3^{+}$), 548.4 ($1^{+}$), 637.5 ($1^{+}$), 915.6 (${\mathrm{}\left[1\right]\mathrm{}}^{+}$), 1142.5 (${\mathrm{}[0,1]\mathrm{}}^{+}$), 1280.8 (${\mathrm{}[0,1]\mathrm{}}^{+}$), and 1429.9 keV (${\mathrm{}[1,0]\mathrm{}}^{+}$). These were combined with existing in-beam $\gamma$-ray particle-transfer data to yield a rather complete ${}_{}{}^{62}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$ level scheme. The status of shell-model calculations in this nuclear region is discussed, and it is demonstrated that a gratifying number of facts about the low-lying ${}_{}{}^{62}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cu}$ states can be explained using simple odd-odd configurations as predicted by the neighboring odd-mass nuclei.

The well depth of the spin-orbit term for the helion-nucleus optical-model potential was determined by performing parameter searches for elastic scattering data at successive fixed values of $V_s$. Resulting plots of $\frac{{\chi }^2}{N}$ vs $V_s$ show consistent minima for the 13 data sets used. Elastic angular distributions studied were for ${}_{}{}^{60}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ at four energies between 35 and 71 MeV and for three groups of neighboring even- and odd-mass targets at energies between 60 and 71 MeV. The $\frac{{\chi }^2}{N}$ vs $V_s$ plots for all the even-mass ($I=0\mathrm{}$) targets have minima at values of $V_s$ between 2.0 and 3.0 MeV, while the plots for all the odd-mass ($I\ne 0$) targets have minima about 1 MeV greater (3.0 to 4.0 MeV). This difference in the best-fit values of $V_s$ is consistent over a wide range of target mass and of scattering energy, and suggests the presence of a detectable target spin interaction in helion elastic scattering.

The ${}_{}{}^{44,48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{}(p,t)\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^{42,46}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ and ${}_{}{}^{43}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{}(p,d)\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ reactions have been investigated at 40 MeV, and the ${}_{}{}^{44,48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}(p,{}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}){}_{}{}^{42,46}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$ reactions at 40 and 56 MeV. Analysis of angular distributions leads to new spin assignments. Distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations are performed for ($p,d$) and ($p,t$) reactions. The nucleus ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ being reached by both reactions, comparison is made between the results of calculations of the two processes. Potassium isotopes are studied through the comparison of analog states observed in the ($p,t$) reaction with the states reached in the ($p$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$) reaction. In the ($p$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$) spectra, the analogs of the ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ and ${}_{}{}^{46}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ ground states have been identified.

The (${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$, ${}_{}{}^{15}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$) reaction has been studied on targets of ${}_{}{}^{24}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$, ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$, ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$, ${}_{}{}^{45}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sc}$, and ${}_{}{}^{46,48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$ and finite-range distorted-wave calculations have accounted well for the extreme $Q$ dependences (arising from angular momentum mismatch) of the cross sections, yielding spectroscopic factors in good agreement with spectroscopic factors extracted from light-ion-induced reactions. This agreement is interpreted as an indication that the heavy-ion-induced proton transfer reaction - when it populates states of strong single-particle character - can be well understood within the framework of the distorted-wave theory.

Protons from the ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{}(d,p)\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ reaction were analyzed with a magnetic spectrograph. Bombarding energies ranged from 14.0 to 15.5 MeV and observation angles ranged from 20 to 120°. Eight states were found in ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ between 10.7- and 12.2-MeV excitation energy. Excitation energies and (widths) in keV are: 10 755 ± 5 (56 ± 2), 10 818 ± 5 (24 ± 3), 10 997 ± 8 (82 ± 15), 11 080 ± 5 (<8), 11 748 ± 10 (107 ± 14), 11 851 ± 5 (68 ± 4), 11 970 ± 40 (∼260), and 12 108 ± 5 (81 ± 8). The level at 11 851 has not been reported before. Uncertainties in excitation energies are reduced by as much as a factor of 4 from previous work.

Allowed $\beta$-decay transition rates and half-lives have been calculated for ($0d,1s$) shell nuclei with $A=17-22,23-24,27-29,30-34, \mathrm{and} 35-39$. For nuclei with $A=17-22\mathrm{} \mathrm{and} 34-39$, the calculated $log\mathrm{ft}$ values have a rms deviation of 5% from experiment, with no discrepancies greater than 12%. For nuclei nearer the middle of the shell there are more significant discrepancies between experiment and theory. The calculated $log\mathrm{ft}$ values are used to predict the half-lives of some light elements. The predicted half-lives for which there are no experimental measurements are: ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$ (0.1 sec), ${}_{}{}^{21}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ (1.2 sec), and ${}_{}{}^{22}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ (0.15 sec). The $log\mathrm{ft}$ values relevant to the solar neutrino experiment are discussed.

The ${}_{}{}^{54}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Fe}(d,\alpha ){}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$ reaction was studied at 17-MeV bombarding energy. Energy assignments based on the ($d,\alpha$) and two (${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, $t$) spectra were made for some 60 levels up to about 4 MeV of excitation in ${}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$ with accuracies ranging from ± 1 to ± 10 keV. $(d,\alpha )L$-transfer assignments or suggestions were made for 28 of these levels based on a recent distorted-wave Born-approximation procedure. Spin-parity limits based on the ($d,\alpha$) analysis are generally in agreement with other work although a few discrepancies are noted. The ${}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cr}(p,n\gamma ){}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$ coincidence experiment was performed at bombarding energies of 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, and 10.0 MeV. $30\gamma$ rays were fitted into a decay scheme which includes four previously un-reported levels below 1.3 MeV of excitation in ${}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$. Two of these new levels were weakly excited in ($d,\alpha$), while the other two appeared as an unresolved group in the (${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, $t$) spectra. Since the $\gamma$-rays were observed with 3-keV Ge(Li) detector resolution, accurate energy assignments (≤±0.5 keV) could be made for 14 levels in ${}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mn}$. The $\gamma$-ray data are consistent with the ($d,\alpha$) spin limits. A comparison of the low-lying states with the McCullen, Bayman, and Zamick calculations is presented. The four new levels do not fit into the pure $f_{\frac{7}{2}}$-shell scheme.

Cross sections are reported for $\alpha$ particles scattered from ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cr}$, ${}_{}{}^{53}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cr}$, and ${}_{}{}^{48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$. For the ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ target, both elastic and inelastic (to the first excited state) data are presented for $\alpha$ particles of 12 incident energies between 13 and 29 MeV scattered into the angular range from 152° through 180° to -172°. Elastic excitation functions at 180° are given for $\alpha$ particles of six energies between 20 and 29 MeV scattered from ${}_{}{}^{52}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cr}$, ${}_{}{}^{53}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cr}$, and ${}_{}{}^{48}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$. The elastic angular distributions exhibit a narrow "glory peak" at 180° for each energy, and the peak cross section at 180° is sensitively dependent on both the bombarding energy and the target mass. For the case of ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$, the measured elastic cross sections at 180° are about an order of magnitude larger than values predicted from optical-model calculations with a potential that fits $\alpha$ scattering data forward of 140°.

The ${}_{}{}^{39}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}(p,\gamma ){}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction has been studied from 6.5- to 17-MeV bombarding energy covering the electric giant dipole resonance (GDR) in ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$. The GDR displays fine, intermediate, and gross structure. A fluctuation analysis of the fine structure gives a coherence width ∼25 keV and indicates that compound levels contribute <3% to the total dipole strength. The intermediate structure has widths clustered between 150 and 450 keV. Despite the large yield fluctuations angular distributions have a uniform shape throughout the GDR with $A_2=-0.33\mathrm{}$, characteristic of dominating $f$-wave capture. A broad coherent state observed at 19.3 MeV contains 90% of the capture strength with the remainder contained in a weak broad peak at 22 MeV. These positions and relative strengths agree well with calculations of the coherent dipole states based on 1p-1h excitations. However, continuum calculations fail to predict the total widths and angular distributions.

The giant dipole resonance (GDR) of ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ was investigated through the ${}_{}{}^{41}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}(p,{\gamma }_0){}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction. The gross structure indicates two peaks at 17.4 ± 0.1 MeV ($\Gamma =3.3\mathrm{}\pm 0.5$ MeV) and 20.4 ± 0.1 MeV ($\Gamma =4.4\mathrm{}\pm 0.1$ MeV) which contain 13 and 87%, respectively, of the $E1\mathrm{}$ strength in the ($\gamma ,p_0$) channel. From a comparison of structure and excitation energies of the GDR in ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ and ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, the two peaks can be identified with the $T=1\mathrm{}$ (at 17.4 MeV) and the $T=2\mathrm{}$ (at 20.4 MeV) isospin components of the GDR. This energy separation gives an effective symmetry potential of $V=63\mathrm{}$ MeV in agreement with the general predictions and observation in other nuclei. However, identification of the peaks with the $K=0\mathrm{}$ and $K=1\mathrm{}$ dipole oscillations in the deformed ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ ground state is not ruled out. A shell-model calculation of the dipole states in ${}_{}{}^{42}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ with good isospin was done by diagonalizing large matrices and using the Kuo-Brown $G$ matrix elements. This gives a concentration of $T=1\mathrm{}$ strength at 17.1 MeV and $T=2\mathrm{}$ strength at 19.6 MeV, in good agreement with the experimental results, and supports the isospin identification of the two components.