Reduced matrix elements for excitation of the first three $4^{+}$ states in ${}_{}{}^{192}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Os}$ have been measured using inelastic scattering of 135 MeV polarized protons. These data, as well as the known quadrupole properties of ${}_{}{}^{192}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Os}$, are best described if the third $4^{+}$ state is interpreted as a g-boson intruder state.

Using a magnetic spectrometer at a momentum resolution of 0.3%, we have studied the beta spectrum from ${}_{}{}^{35}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$. We do not see evidence for the admixture of a heavy neutrino to the usual light (m≃0) ν${̃}_{\mathrm{e}}$ accompanying beta decay, in the mass range between 5 and 50 keV, with a limit for the mixing strength of ‖U${\Vert }^2$<3×${10}^{\mathrm{-}3}$ (90% confidence limit).

A recent experimental work on the spreading of spectroscopic strengths of unbound 1$j_{15/2}$ and 1$i_{11/2}$ proton states in ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ is examined in terms of the coupling of proton states with the eight collective surface vibration states of ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$. The coupling strengths are estimated with the help of an optimized Saxon-Woods potential. Good agreement is observed between the calculated and observed discrete spectra. Influence of 1$i_{13/2}$ and 2$g_{9/2}$ states on the observed spectrum is emphasized.

Differential cross sections and analyzing powers of the ${}_{}{}^{17}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(p→,t) reaction were measured over the angular range from 5° to 55° at $T_{\mathrm{p}=89.7\mathrm{}}$ MeV. The data for transitions to five residual states of ${}_{}{}^{15}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ are compared with calculations in the finite-range and zero-range distorted-wave Born approximation. The distorting potential parameters were obtained from optical-model analyses of elastic proton and helion scattering. The (p→,t) cross sections are underpredicted by the finite-range calculations and overpredicted by zero-range calculations based on standard normalizations. The reproduction of the analyzing powers is only fair. Two-step calculations of the type (p→,d;d,t) were performed in a zero-range, second-order distorted-wave Born approximation. The ground state and six one-particle, one-hole states of ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ were taken into account as intermediate states. Consistent improvement in the prediction of the data was not obtained.

The continuum cross sections and analyzing powers from the ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}$,4He(p→,p’) and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}$,4He(p→,d’) reactions were measured for 98.7 and 149.3 MeV polarized protons in the angular range 17.5° to 60°. The ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$ and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ data show strong quasifree contributions with more ambiguous results for ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$. These data are compared with distorted-wave impulse approximation calculations based on quasifree nucleon and deuteron knockout. Overall, the agreement between theory and experiment is moderately good. However, some significant discrepancies are observed and corrections to the simple model are discussed.

Differential elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections have been measured for 2.5 MeV neutrons incident on ${}_{}{}^{194}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pt}$. Scattering to the $0^{+}$, $2^{+}$, and $4^{+}$ members of the ground-state band has been measured, as well as to the $2^{+}$, $3^{+}$, and $4^{+}$ members of the quasi-γ band. The elastic scattering cross sections have a precision of 2%, and the inelastic scattering cross sections have relative uncertainties ranging from 5% to 15%. The overall normalization uncertainty is 4%. These results, previously measured total cross sections, and very low energy scattering properties are interpreted in a combined analysis which seeks to ascertain the low-lying collective dynamics of ${}_{}{}^{194}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pt}$ as made evident in neutron scattering. Coupled-channels calculations employing interacting-boson approximations and pairing-plus-quadrupole nuclear structure models suggest that low-lying excitations of ${}_{}{}^{194}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pt}$ are those of a γ-soft nucleus, rather than those of a rigid rotor.

Angular correlations between coincident fission fragments have been measured for 40-, 90-, and 150-MeV proton-induced reactions on a ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ target. From these data linear momentum transfer distributions have been derived, which are then compared with other results for protons and more complex projectiles. On a per nucleon basis, protons exhibit the largest average linear momentum transfer values of any projectile over the energy range from E/A=40 to 1000 MeV. This can be understood in terms of fundamental scattering cross sections, and is qualitatively demonstrated by intranuclear cascade calculations. Both cascade and precompound decay calculations reproduce the linear momentum transfer distributions with moderate success.

The photon spectrum from radiative absorption of negative muons in ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ has been measured with a high-resolution pair spectrometer. The data are analyzed in order to determine the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant $g_p$ in nuclear matter. When compared to models which use a realistic nuclear response function and avoid the closure approximation, a value of $g_p$/$g_A$=4.0±1.5 is obtained, which indicates a quenching of this coupling compared to the nucleonic value by a factor 0.57±0.25.

A 4.6 MeV/nucleon ${}_{}{}^{82}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ beam has been used to Coulomb excite ${}_{}{}^{82}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ in collisions with a thin ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ target. The backscattered projectiles were measured in a position sensitive avalanche detector centered around the beam axis. The gamma radiation was measured in four Ge(Li) detectors, in coincidence with the particles. The gamma ray spectra, after event-by-event Doppler shift correction, revealed 16 transitions in ${}_{}{}^{82}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ from the relative intensities of which a total of 22 electric quadrupole transition matrix elements have been deduced, by inserting the previously measured branching and mixing ratios. The level energies and E2 transition probabilities have been compared with the predictions of the asymmetric rotor, interacting boson, and Gneuss-Greiner models and nuclear field theory. On the basis of its energy and decay modes, the 1957 keV $2_3^{+}$ state is interpreted as the lowest state with lower F spin, F=$F_{\max \mathrm{-}1=2}$.

The velocities of fusion-like residues produced at 15° in the reaction 313 MeV ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{40}$Ca have been measured in coincidence with alpha particles emitted over a wide range of angles. The maximum of the residue velocity distribution depends on the energy and angle of emission of the alpha particle. Analysis of this dependence indicates that a significant portion of the fast alpha particles at forward angles results from the fusion of ${}_{}{}^8{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ and the associated production of a ${}_{}{}^8{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ ejectile.

The first three moments of the γ-ray multiplicity distribution were measured for individual αxn exit channels of the reactions 85-MeV ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}$C${+\mathrm{}}^{154}$Sm, 109-MeV ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}$C${+\mathrm{}}^{154}$Sm, and 115-MeV ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}$N${+\mathrm{}}^{159}$Tb, in which massive transfer had been studied previously. The average γ multiplicity (first moment) was found to be almost constant, independent of yrast spin for fast α-particle emission, while it increases with yrast spin for slow α-particle emission as is common in complete fusion. The variance (second moment) is also independent of yrast spin. For fast α-particle emission, the average γ multiplicity decreases monotonically with increasing α-particle energy, and simultaneously the skewness (third moment) tends to be positive. This indicates that massive transfer accompanied by fast α-particle emission is similar to a quasielastic process in heavy-ion reactions. A statistical model calculation has been made to study the dependence of the γ-ray multiplicity distribution on angular momentum and excitation energy. The results are consistent with the experimental data. It is found that the sign of skewness depends on the widths of angular-momentum and excitation-energy distributions.

Angular distributions for elastic scattering of ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ ions by ${}_{}{}^{165}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ho}$, ${}_{}{}^{197}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Au}$, and ${}_{}{}^{209}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Bi}$ at 2380 MeV have been obtained in a 2π geometry using solid state nuclear track detectors. The angular distributions of the elastic differential cross section ratios ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{el}(\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{t}.\mathrm{})/\mathit{\sigma }}$(Ruth) are analyzed using (a) the generalized Fresnel model and (b) the parametrized S-matrix method. Quarter-point angles obtained are converted to reaction parameters such as grazing angular momenta, interaction radii, and total reaction cross sections. Values of inelastic total reaction cross sections were obtained by directly counting the three-, four-, and five-prong events along with the two-prong inelastic events as observed in the 2π geometry. Experimental total reaction cross sections are compared with optical and sharp cutoff model calculations. There is good agreement among the total reaction cross sections evaluated from elastic and inelastic data as well as with model calculations.

The α-transfer reaction on ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ was measured using a ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ beam at 109 MeV. The reaction mechanism shows characteristics of a direct α-transfer process with a preferential high-spin population. However, the comparison with the ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$${(}^{13}$C, ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$${)}^{20}$Ne reaction at 105 MeV, which was reported as a direct transfer reaction, shows large differences in the angular distributions and relative cross sections inside the same band. In order to understand those differences, both data were analyzed using the exact finite-range distorted-wave Born approximation code with the same method and parameters assuming a direct α-cluster transfer. The calculated results showed qualitative agreement with the data.

Elastic scattering excitation functions for the ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$${+}^{12}$C system have been measured at 12 selected center of mass angles between 30.0° and 90.0° over the center of mass energy range 17.5 to 21.5 MeV in 100 keV steps. The elastic scattering excitation function data have been analyzed with an optical model plus multilevel resonance calculation. The extracted spins for the intermediate structure resonances at 18.3 and 19.2 MeV are ${12}^{+}$ and ${12}^{+}$. The structure at 20.2 MeV is due to at least two levels which we have assigned spins of ${12}^{+}$ and ${14}^{+}$.

Energy spectra and angular distributions of neutrons emitted in coincidence with projectilelike fragments produced in inelastic collisions of ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ with ${}_{}{}^{158}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$ at 192 MeV and ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ with ${}_{}{}^{150}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$ at 176 and 239 MeV have been measured. No evidence for nonequilibrium neutron emission is found for the Ne+Nd reaction at either energy. For the C+Gd reaction a small fraction (∼9%) of the neutrons emitted is due to nonequilibrium emission. The multiplicity of neutrons emitted from the targetlike fragment is, in all cases, approximately six times that of neutrons emitted from the projectilelike fragment.

Fusion excitation functions for ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}$S${+\mathrm{}}^{24}$,25,26Mg in the incident energy region $E_{\mathrm{lab}=90\mathrm{}}$ to 150 MeV were measured by means of the in-beam γ-spectroscopy method. In order to suppress background and take into account the contribution of unstable residual nuclei to the in-beam yields of the daughter residues, a computer-controlled chopper system was assembled on the beam line to measure the in-beam and off-beam spectra of the γ rays. Detailed comparison was made between the present measurement and the available data obtained by other methods. The measured A and Z distribution was compared with statistical calculations. The fusion excitation functions, which exhibit a change of slope with respect to low energy data, showing evident limitation on the fusion in this energy region, were analyzed in terms of the interaction barrier model and the statistical yrast line model.

We report measurements of correlated fission-like fragments from the reaction 1080 MeV (E/A=27 MeV) ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}$Ar${+\mathrm{}}^{238}$U and their further correlations with H/He particles. Fusion-like reactions that form highly excited composite nuclei (500–800 MeV) comprise ≊40% of the reaction cross section. The probability for such fusion-like reactions is dramatically smaller for ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ of E/A of 35–44 MeV. We infer that for this reaction the conditions for high probability of such massive energy and spin containment are near to their limits. The integrated multiplicities for H and He emission are both ≊3 for fission reactions that involve 50–100 % momentum transfer. These multiplicities are about evenly divided between evaporative and forward-peaked emission; comparison with other results indicates that both have increased by about twentyfold for an increase in projectile energy of 340–1080 MeV. The major sources of evaporative He emission are the very highly excited composite nuclei.

The entropy evolution in heavy ion collisions is investigated by means of a cascade model study. The method for calculating the entropy is based on a smoothing over the momentum space by introducing a local temperature field. It is shown that the resulting specific entropy is rather sensitive to the proper choice of the phase space subdivision at the disassembly stage of the collision. Compared to recent results for specific entropy values inferred from the composite particle yield of 4π measurements, it is found that the cascade calculations do not favor other model treatments, but as a trend we obtain smaller entropy values than following from conventional considerations within equilibrium statistics.

The individual evaporation residue cross sections have been measured for ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{-}$ and ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{induced}$ reactions on ${}_{}{}^{141}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pr}$ and ${}_{}{}^{144}{}_{}{}^{}$,147,150,152,15 4Sm targets at incident energies of 5 to 10 MeV/nucleon. Gamma-ray detection techniques were used. The competition between neutron, charged particle, and gamma-ray emission was studied as a function of the excitation energy, angular momentum, and the distance of the compound nucleus from the stability line. The general behavior of the mass and charge distributions of the reaction residues is in agreement with complete fusion-evaporation calculations, but some aspects of the data point to a small contribution of other reaction mechanisms.

The ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ form factor is calculated using the four-dimensional relativistic harmonic oscillator quark model. The effect of multi-quark-cluster configurations of 3q, 6q, 9q, and 12q clusters has been investigated; behavior of the form factor at large momentum transfer 0.8≤Q≤6.4 (GeV/c${)}^2$ which cannot be explained in terms of ordinary nuclear physics is presented.