The reaction ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}$${,}^6$He) has been used to populate states of ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$. Data have been fitted to extract excitation energies and widths of low-lying levels.

The analysis of quasielastic cross section data for the ${}_{}{}^{90}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zr}$ projectile plus ${}_{}{}^{50}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$ target system shows that the probability for ${}_{}{}^{50}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$${(}^{90}$Zr, ${}_{}{}^{49}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$${)}^{91}$Zr, 1n-transfer reaction near the barrier is much larger than estimates based on semiclassical theory. The probability for ${}_{}{}^{50}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ti}$${(}^{90}$Zr${,}^{51}$V${)}^{89}$Y, 1p-transfer reaction, on the other hand, agrees with the same theory. The internuclear distance where the 1n-transfer probability first deviates from tunneling predictions coincides with the threshold of the fusion barrier distribution deduced from the experimental fusion cross sections of the ${}_{}{}^{50}{}_{}{}^{}$Ti${+}^{90}$Zr system, suggesting a common mechanism for the large enhancement of 1n-transfer and fusion cross sections.

The optical limit of the Glauber model is used for the description of inelastic processes in heavy-ion reactions at intermediate energies. Different prescriptions are investigated to obtain the inelastic scattering amplitude from the corresponding microscopic nucleon-nucleon amplitude. Besides the standard one in which the target excitation is ascribed to a projectile-nucleon collision and contributions from multiple-scattering processes are preliminarily summed to produce the elastic projectile-nucleon amplitude, we suggest the alternative approach in which a single nucleon-nucleon collision causes the inelastic transition. In all cases the formalism is modified to take into account the deflection of the classical orbits due to the strong repulsive Coulomb field. Parameter-free predictions for the inelastic excitation, based on experimental nucleon-nucleon total cross sections and standard densities, show a remarkable agreement with both experiment and distorted-wave Born approximation calculations.

The target fragment production cross sections have been measured for the reaction of 150 MeV/nucleon ${}_{}{}^{139}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{La}$ with ${}_{}{}^{197}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Au}$. From these cross sections, the fragment isobaric yields were deduced. The resulting isobaric yield distribution is very similar to that observed for reactions in which limiting fragmentation is occurring (such as the reaction of 8 GeV ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ with ${}_{}{}^{197}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Au}$) and unlike that observed with projectiles of similar velocity. This apparent extreme example of total projectile kinetic energy scaling is compared to predictions of the intranuclear cascade model.

For near central collisions of Nb on Nb at a laboratory energy of 650 MeV per projectile nucleon we calculate inclusive cross sections as a function of the azimuthal angle where this angle is measured from the reaction plane. The azimuthal dependence is strongly influenced by the nuclear equation of state and is a useful quantity to measure.

Transitional dissipative mechanisms in the fissionlike decay of medium mass composite systems have been studied systematically. Fragments produced in the collision of 4–7 MeV/nucleon, A=19–37 projectiles, with A=59–89 target nuclei, were identified by time-of-flight spectrometers. Mass, energy, and angular distributions of the fissionlike fragments have been reproduced by dynamical model calculations based on the transport theory. Systematics of lifetimes of the intermediate complex systems are given, indicating a clear dependence on the bombarding energy and entrance channel mass asymmetry.

${\mathrm{The}}^{10}$B${(}^7$Li,${\mathrm{}}^7$Be${)}^{10}$Be charge-exchange reaction has been measured at $E_{\mathrm{lab}=39\mathrm{}}$ MeV. Calculations were performed using a microscopic distorted-wave Born approximation with both central and tensor forces with an optical model potential obtained by fitting measured elastic scattering data. Several residual two-body interactions were used for which the absolute cross-section magnitudes varied at most within factors of two. The calculations showed that the one-step mechanism is very important for this particular reaction even at this low bombarding energy.

The ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$${(}^{11}$B,α${)}^{20}$F and ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$${(}^{13}$C,α${)}^{20}$F reactions have been used to populate states in ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}$ up to 10.1 MeV excitation. Angular distributions and total cross sections have been extracted and compared with Hauser-Feshbach calculations. Agreement is reasonable for most states. A few states appear to be populated by an additional reaction mechanism. Candidates for high-spin states are compared with those calculated in weak coupling with (4+n)p-nh configurations. The present results are compared with results of the ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$${(}^7$Li,p${)}^{20}$F reaction. The correlation coefficient between the two sets of angle-integrated cross sections is 0.88.

Coulomb dissociation of ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ in the field of ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ at different energies via resonance and continuum levels is discussed in detail. Relations are given which can be used to directly relate the Coulomb breakup cross section to the astrophysical S factor. Predictions for energy dependence and angular distributions are given. The direct Coulomb breakup of ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ is found to be of the same order of magnitude as the sequential breakup at higher projectile energies. The effect to elastic scattering can be accounted for by introducing a dynamic polarization potential.

The inelastic excitation probabilities of ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}_{}{}^{90}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zr}$, and ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ impinged upon by ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ projectiles at bombarding energies between 10 and 100 MeV/nucleon are calculated in a model in which the excitation amplitudes are evaluated along classical trajectories. The excited states are calculated in the random-phase approximation and the nuclear and Coulomb excitations of both low lying states and giant resonances of the target and projectile are taken into account. A general feature of the calculated spectra for near-grazing impact parameters and bombarding energies above 20 MeV/nucleon is the presence of broad regularly spaced structures mainly due to the excitation of multiphonon states built with 2ħω giant resonances. Cross-section estimates for the inelastic excitations are given.

We discuss the conditions under which the dispersion relation technique, extensively employed in the context of elastic scattering, can be used in the analysis of heavy-ion fusion reactions. General unitarity defect arguments are used for this purpose. With the aid of an inverse dispersion relation, which gives the imaginary part of the fusion inclusive polarization potential in terms of the principal part integral involving the real part of the inclusive polarization potential, the sub-barrier fusion of heavy ions is discussed. The system ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{\mathrm{A}}$Sm is taken as an example.

The ratio of spin transfer parameters $d_t$/$r_t$ for the quasielastic process ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}(\mathit{p}\to$,n→)pp has been measured at four energies between 200 and 500 MeV at a neutron scattering angle of 9°. From this, the following values of $D_t$/$R_t$ for free np scattering have been deduced: -0.0190±0.0095 ($T_p$=223 MeV); -0.2328±0.0069 (324 MeV); -0.3731±0.0075 (425 MeV); -0.4892±0.0119 (492 MeV). These values have a noticeable effect on present day phase-shift solutions. The magnitude of the ${\epsilon }_1$ mixing parameter is reduced and other phase shifts are smoother around 300 MeV.

Angular distributions for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 0.8 GeV protons from ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ and ${}_{}{}^{22}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ are presented. Cross sections for protons exciting states up to about 14 MeV were measured using a high resolution spectrometer. Coupled-channels analyses of scattering cross sections for the $0^{+}$, $2^{+}$, $4^{+}$, and $6^{+}$ states in the ground-state rotational band, possible $2^{\mathrm{-}}$, $3^{\mathrm{-}}$, and $5^{\mathrm{-}}$ members of a $K^{\pi }$${=2\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$ octupole band, and possible $1^{\mathrm{-}}$, $3^{\mathrm{-}}$, and $5^{\mathrm{-}}$ members of a $K^{\pi }$${=0\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$ octupole band in ${}_{}{}^{20}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ were performed. Also reported are coupled-channels analyses of the experimental angular distributions in ${}_{}{}^{22}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ne}$ for the $0^{+}$, $2^{+}$, and $4^{+}$ states in the ground-state band, the $K^{\pi }$${=2\mathrm{}}^{+}$ γ-vibrational band members, and the $2^{\mathrm{-}}$ and $3^{\mathrm{-}}$ members of a $K^{\pi }$${=2\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{-}}$ octupole band. Deformation parameters for states not in the ground-state rotational bands are obtained from a distorted-wave Born approximation analysis of these data. Multipole moments inferred from the deformed optical potentials are compared with moments obtained with electromagnetic measurements, low-energy proton, deuteron, ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ scattering, and shell-model calculations.

The inclusive (e,e’) scattering from nuclei is studied with the assumption that the electromagnetic production of pions from the nucleon can be described by a model consisting of the conventional Born term and a Δ-excitation term. We show that the global features of the recent data of the inclusive ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$(e,e’) reaction in the GeV energy region can be described by the following procedures: (1) the parameters of the constructed one-body and two-body current operators are fitted to the total cross sections of γN→πN, p(e,e’), and γd→np; (2) the medium effect on the Δ propagation is treated according to the information extracted from the Δ-hole model calculation. It is found that the two-body mechanism of Δ annihilation by the nuclear medium improves the fit to the data in the ‘‘dip’’ region. The predicted magnitudes in the Δ region are lower than the data, indicating the importance of more complicated multinucleon mechanisms.

The polarization-transfer observables $D_{\mathrm{NN}}$, $D_{\mathrm{SS}}$, $D_{\mathrm{LL}}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{LS}}$, and $D_{\mathrm{SL}}$ have been measured at 800 MeV for polarized proton inelastic scattering from ${}_{}{}^1{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$, ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$, and ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ with energy losses up to about 400 MeV. The scattering angles in the laboratory were 5°, 11°, and 20°. No large differences between the observables for the three targets were seen. The data for ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ in the quasielastic region are reasonably well explained by nonrelativistic and relativistic models of one-step quasifree scattering. Specifically nuclear effects appear small in both the quasielastic and delta regions.

Short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations are introduced into the convolution treatment of deeply inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering. The nuclear momentum distribution is calculated using a Jastrow-type wave function to lowest order in the cluster expansion. The excitation energy of 1p-2h final states is included. This leads to smaller structure functions in the region x>1 than those found by Akulinichev and Shlomo. The dependence of the nuclear structure function on $Q^2$ is also discussed for that region.

The reaction ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(${\pi }^{+}$,2p${)}^{14}$N was measured at $T_{\pi }$=116 MeV with an excitation energy resolution between 1.6 and 2.5 MeV with one proton angle fixed at 50° and for a wide range of the second angle. Proton angular correlations, energy sharing distributions, and recoil momentum distributions for four strongly populated states are consistent with a model of pion absorption on quasi-deuteron pairs with angular momentum transfer to the recoil nucleus of L=0 (3.9 MeV state), L=2 (7.0 and 11.0 MeV states), or a mixture of L=0 and L=2 (ground state). Integration of the measured absorption cross section over angle and up to 20 MeV of excitation shows that 19±4% of the total absorption cross section can be found in two-proton final states near quasifree kinematics, with substantial additional two-nucleon strength between 20 and roughly 50 MeV of excitation. With estimated corrections for final-state interactions, about half of the absorption cross section below 20 MeV excitation proceeds via the direct quasifree πpn→pp process. Absorption leading to the T=1 state at 2.3 MeV is <5% as strong as absorption to the T=0 ground state. The ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$(${\pi }^{+}$,2p${)}^{16}$N reaction was measured under the same kinematic conditions. States of less than 0.4 MeV excitation, which correspond to absorption on nucleons in different shells, account for at least 6.1±0.6% of the estimated two-nucleon absorption cross section below 20 MeV excitation; no unexpected suppression of cross-shell absorption was found.

The low-energy K¯N system is examined using a general separable and a vector-meson exchange potential. A direct fit to the data including the $K^{\mathrm{-}}$p threshold branching ratios is made in order to determine the nature of the resonance at 1405 MeV. Satisfactory fits are obtained using potential parameters within the range of expected SU(3) breaking and vertex coupling constants roughly consistent with values derived from NN analyses.

We present the first quantitative study of the (π,π’N) coincidence reaction within the Δ-hole model and compare our results to recent Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN) and LAMPF data for ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ near 240 MeV. A modified distorted-wave impulse approximation (DWIA), including medium corrections to the Δ propagator and containing no free parameters, reproduces the leading (${\pi }^{+}$,${\pi }^{+}$p) channel for p-shell knockout satisfactorily, provided we use shell-model spectroscopic factors. The weak (${\pi }^{\mathrm{-}}$,${\pi }^{\mathrm{-}}$p) and (${\pi }^{+}$,${\pi }^0$p) channels are found to be sensitive to interference effects between the DWIA mechanism and knockout induced by ΔN collisions. This latter two-step process is also calculated microscopically, using a simple form for the Δ-N interaction guided by pion absorption. Our model qualitatively confirms earlier estimates, but cannot reproduce the isospin ratios over the whole kinematical range. In particular, it systematically underestimates the charge-exchange cross sections by 30%.

We investigate the European Muon Collaboration (EMC) effect in deuteron and three-body nuclei. The binding and the Fermi motion effects of nucleons are studied in detail. They reduce the structure function ratios from unity by less than 5%. Roles of excess pion are also discussed in connection with the momentum sum rule, which is violated by the binding effect.