We report results of studies of heavy-ion collisions in the classical limit. These studies are carried out with two different nucleon-nucleon interaction models. Both models give the empirical energy and density of nuclear matter; however, the compressibility is 250 MeV for one and 535 MeV for the other. Exact simulations of La+La and Au+Au collisions at 50 to 600 MeV/nucleon laboratory energies indicate that these models are not totally unrealistic and may be pedagogically useful. The results also indicate that collisions at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$≳400 MeV/nucleon are more sensitive to the interaction model. The models are then used to study the accuracy of the Vlasov-Nordheim approximation in the classical limit by comparing its results for equal mass (A=50) collisions with the exact results at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$≳450 MeV/nucleon. We find that it is a reasonable approximation and it reproduces most of the observed effects when the known equation of state (EOS) and collision cross sections (${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{eff}}$) are used. However, it appears difficult to determine both the EOS and ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ by fitting the exact results with VN simulations.

Measurements of the deuteron elastic magnetic structure function B(${\mathit{Q}}^2$) are reported at squared four-momentum transfer values 1.20≤${\mathit{Q}}^2$≤2.77 (GeV/c${)}^2$. Also reported are values for the proton magnetic form factor ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{p}}$(${\mathit{Q}}^2$) at 11 ${\mathit{Q}}^2$ values between 0.49 and 1.75 (GeV/c${)}^2$. The data were obtained using an electron beam of 0.5 to 1.3 GeV. Electrons backscattered near 180° were detected in coincidence with deuterons or protons recoiling near 0° in a large solid-angle double-arm spectrometer system. The data for B(${\mathit{Q}}^2$) are found to decrease rapidly from ${\mathit{Q}}^2$=1.2 to 2 (GeV/c${)}^2$, and then rise to a secondary maximum around ${\mathit{Q}}^2$=2.5 (GeV/c${)}^2$. Reasonable agreement is found with several different models, including those in the relativistic impulse approximation, nonrelativistic calculations that include meson-exchange currents, isobar configurations, and six-quark configurations, and one calculation based on the Skyrme model. All calculations are very sensitive to the choice of deuteron wave function and nucleon form factor parametrization. The data for ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{M}\mathit{p}}$(${\mathit{Q}}^2$) are in good agreement with the empirical dipole fit.

The quantum molecular dynamic method is used to study the fusion reaction in the ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{16}$O system and its fade out with the increase of the incident energy. It is shown that without two-nucleon collisions there appears the so-called fusion window, as in the time-dependent Hartree-Fock approach, while with the inclusion of two-nucleon collisions the low partial wave cutoff in fusion disappears. The fade out of the fusion process with the increase of the incident energy is found to be due to the increase of the cross sections mainly of the incomplete fusion process in the whole range of the impact parameter and partly of the deep-inelastic-collision–like process in the peripheral region. The calculated fusion cross section as a function of incident energy is shown to be in good accordance with experiments.

We investigate, within the context of diffractive collision theory, the elastic and inelastic scattering of high-energy particles by permanently deformed, axially symmetric nuclei. The nuclear matter density and optical potential are expanded into multipole contributions of order L=0,2,4. . . . We first consider the dominant multipoles L=0 and 2 alone, and determine for this model the scattering amplitude for excitation of a nuclear rotational state with quantum numbers L and M. We then discuss a procedure that permits us to account, by series expansion, for the higher order multipole deformations L=4,6,. . . . The convergence of the method is discussed in connection with explicit numerical examples and various differential cross sections are presented.

Marchenko inversion followed by Baye’s supersymmetric transformation scheme determines shallow, l-dependent but energy-independent singular local potentials that are strictly phase equivalent to given nonlocal resonating group model interactions. The resulting potential has none of the Pauli forbidden states present in the corresponding resonating group model interaction, but ensures that a generalized Levinson theorem is still valid. The intermediate step of Marchenko inversion is introduced to transform the energy-dependent deep local potentials of Horiuchi, which are phase and spectrum equivalent to the resonating group model interaction, into an energy-independent potential, suitable for the application of Baye’s supersymmetric scheme for the removal of the Pauli forbidden states.

The asymmetry of the inelastic cross section for the scattering of polarized electrons from polarized targets is investigated in the quasielastic region by using sum rule techniques. The sum rule method provides for the deuteron and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ an elegant and direct way to extract the dependence of the asymmetry on the neutron electric form factor. The nuclear structure ingredients entering the expressions for the asymmetry are the nonspherical components of the ground state wave functions and the structure functions. The sum rule predictions for the asymmetry have been compared with the results of microscopic calculations for the deuteron and ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$. Application of the method to heavier nuclei shows that the asymmetry is particularly sensitive to core polarization effects.

The ρπγ and ωɛγ meson exchange current contributions to the deuteron form factors are calculated in a relativistic quasipotential one-boson-exchange model. Recoil corrections to the two-body EM current operator are kept. It is shown that a substantial reduction of the ρπγ graph occurs especially at high momentum transfer as compared to the usual nonrelativistic treatment, where only leading-order terms in p/M are retained. As a consequence, the ωɛγ contribution becomes also important at high momentum transfer. Using the value for the ωɛγ coupling constant from a relativistic quark model, the elastic EM form factors are predicted in reasonable accordance with the experimental data.

An approximately Coulomb-corrected, charge-symmetric R-matrix prediction for n${\mathrm{-}}^3$H scattering from analyzing p${\mathrm{-}}^3$He data is described, which deviates at most by 2% from the n${\mathrm{-}}^3$H total cross section. The total cross section, together with a new measurement of the coherent scattering length now allows two possible sets of singlet and triplet scattering lengths ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{s}}$ and ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{t}}$. Our analysis agrees well with the new value of the coherent scattering length, and determines the set with ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{s}}$/${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{t}}$>1 to be the correct one.

We present data on inclusive (e,p) scattering for electron beam energies of 460, 505, 647, 686, 698, and 800 MeV. Proton momentum spectra were obtained at fixed proton angles and for momenta from 300–1000 MeV/c. The data are compared to a popular parametrization that includes quasifree knockout, a quasideuteron mechanism, and pion production through the Δ.

Spectra of protons and deuterons emitted in the photodisintegration of ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$ and ${}_{}{}^{\mathrm{nat}}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ have been measured with the tagged photon technique. The experimental data are compared to the results of calculations using the hybrid model for pre-equilibrium reactions. For the first time it is possible to determine the relevant initial doorway configuration, i.e., a 2p-1h doorway, appropriate for quasideuteron absorption.

A measurement of the cross sections for the reaction d${+}^3$He${\to }^3$He+p+n has been performed in a kinematical configuration allowing for the formation of the ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ ground state. The modifications of the resonance parameter due to the presence of the neutron have been investigated, together with the importance of a quasifree scattering mechanism. The resonance shift found is of the same order of magnitude as that predicted by recent calculations including three body forces. The width, however, is much smaller than suggested by an analysis of p${+}^3$He elastic scattering.

The cross section for the ${}_{}{}^{27}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Al}$(p,2${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$${)}^{28}$Mg(21 h) reaction at 800 MeV has been determined, by activation techniques, to be 88±10 nb. This is a relatively large cross section at only 240 MeV above the kinematic threshold for the reaction, and thus on-line particle-detector experiments to learn about the reaction mechanism should be feasible.

Energy correlation measurements were performed for the photofission of ${}_{}{}^{234}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ with bremsstrahlung with endpoint energy 12, 15, and 20 MeV. Overall fragment provisional and postneutron masses, and postneutron and preneutron kinetic energies, are deduced. The behavior of the fragment mass and total kinetic energy with changing ${}_{}{}^{234}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$ compound nucleus excitation energy is studied.

The density-dependent interaction based on the Bonn-Jülich G-matrix NN interaction was used in a distorted-wave Born approximation analysis of (p,p’) and (p,n) data for p-shell nuclei at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$=35 MeV. Calculations with this interaction fit the data as well as the commonly used density-independent interaction M3Y and gave significant improvement for analyzing powers of unnatural-parity transitions. Most of the improvement was found to be due to the tensor part of the interaction.

Nucleon matrix elements at zero momentum transfer of the relativistic constituent quark model on the light cone, where rotational symmetry is only approximate, are shown to reproduce the characteristic ratios 3, 1, and 5/3 of the Wigner-Eckart theorem based on rotational isospin invariance.

It is pointed out that low-energy pion photoproduction provides an important constraint for the wave functions of p-shell nuclei.

A technique for the approximate solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation is examined. The technique requires the solution of a pair of coupled equations for the relative-momentum and relative-energy dependence of the relativistic T matrix. The solutions obey a self-consistency requirement as well as the usual elastic-unitarity constraint. It is also shown that the approximate T matrix is stable under a single iteration in the exact four-dimensional equation at certain kinematic points, including the fully on-shell point. A model problem with an exactly solvable separable interaction is examined and exact, approximate, as well as three-dimensional reduction results are compared. The phase shifts calculated in this self-consistent approximation scheme are found to be in excellent agreement with the exact phase shifts.

The theoretical framework of calculating the electron induced two-body breakup reaction ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(e,e’p)d at intermediate momentum transfer is described, where nucleonic final-state interactions are exactly accounted for. A nonrelativistic dynamical description is assumed and the half-off-shell scattering state wave functions needed for such a calculation are determined by solving the Faddeev equations with Padé approximant technique. Local s-wave spin-dependent potentials are used as two-nucleon input.