An effective two nucleon (NN) interaction in the nuclear medium is defined from an accurate mapping of the NN g matrices obtained by solving the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone equations for infinite nuclear matter. That effective interaction is used in a fully microscopic calculation of the nonlocal effective proton${\mathrm{-}}^{12}$C interaction from which we obtain predictions of the differential cross section and analyzing power for 200 MeV elastic scattering. The relative motion wave functions so found are used as the distorted waves in a distorted wave approximation (DWA) study of select inelastic scattering events. The effective NN interaction is used as the transition operator in those calculations. The relevant nuclear spectroscopy for the elastic and DWA (p,p′) calculations is found from a full (0+2)ħω shell model evaluation of the positive parity states while a restricted shell model space (1+3)ħω has been used to give the negative parity states. Results are compared with those of the 0p-shell model of Cohen and Kurath or with those based upon axially symmetric, projected Hartree-Fock calculations. The diverse structure model wave functions are assessed by using them in calculations to compare with measured longitudinal, transverse electric, and transverse magnetic form factors from electron scattering to many of the excited states of ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$. Using those models of the structure of ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ in our completely microscopic model of the elastic and inelastic scattering of 200 MeV protons, good fits have been found to the cross section and analyzing power data.

Nucleon-nucleus scattering is studied with optical potentials derived from solutions of the relativistic Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone (RBBG) equation using the Bonn interaction. The complex effective mass is determined phenomenologically by a fit to 200 MeV proton-nucleus scattering data. Calculations with this effective mass are made and compared with elastic scattering data for p${\mathrm{-}}^{16}$O, ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${}_{}{}^{90}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Zr}$, ${}_{}{}^{208}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ in the energy range from 160 to 500 MeV. Predictions for the differential scattering cross section, analyzing power, and spin rotation functions are compared with elastic proton-nucleus scattering data over a wide range of projectile energies and target mass number.

The cross sections and analyzing powers for knockout from the 1${\mathit{d}}_{3/2}$, 1${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$, and 2${\mathit{s}}_{1/2}$ states of ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$ in the ${}_{}{}^{40}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$(p,2p${)}^{39}$K reactions at E=200 and 300 MeV are analyzed with both zero-range and finite-range relativistic distorted-wave impulse approximation (DWIA) calculations. We employ the relativistic Love-Franey model for nucleon-nucleon t matrix and the global Dirac optical potentials by Hama et al. The finite-range calculations are performed by using the Monte Carlo method. The calculated analyzing powers at 300 MeV are in good agreement with the data except the 1${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$ state. The analyzing power in the finite-range calculation is more sensitive to the rms radius of the bound state wave function compared with the zero-range calculation. The extracted spectroscopic factors for d states in the finite-range calculation are closer to the values obtained by other reactions. The Monte Carlo method is effective to calculate the transition matrix elements included in the high partial waves of the distorted wave functions.

We extend the formulation of relativistic Coulomb sum rules to account for the average effects of nuclear binding on the initial and final states of ejected nucleons. Relativistic interactions are included by using a Dirac representation adapted from a vector-scalar field theory. The scalar field reduces the effective nucleons mass ${\mathit{M}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and increases the relativistic effects of recoil and Fermi motion. We consider two models for the off-shell behavior of the nuclear electromagnetic current and demonstrate that the sum rule is accurate for applications to data over the interesting range of ${\mathit{M}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and three momentum q. We further indicate that the form of the sum rule is sufficiently general to accommodate a broad class of off-shell form factor models.

We investigate the intermittent nature of the mass spectra resulting from computer simulations of head-on nuclear collisions leading to multifragmentation in the frame of the quasiclassical nuclear model (QCNM). It is found that these spectra show what is called strong intermittency.

Two approaches to modeling of average partial widths of γ transitions connecting excited nuclear levels are discussed. The first one is based on calculations of thermal photoabsorption cross sections, the second on calculations of thermal-radiation rates. Limitations of the finite-temperature approach are studied.

The extent to which information about fluctuations in hadron-nucleon total cross sections in the frozen approximation can be extracted from very high energy hadron-nucleus total cross section measurements for a range of heavy nuclei is discussed. The corrections to the predictions of Glauber theory due to these fluctuations are calculated for several models for the distribution functions, and differences of the order of 50 mb are found for heavy nuclei. The generating function for the moments of the hadron-nucleon cross section distributions can be approximately determined from the derivatives of the hadron-nucleus total cross sections with respect to the nuclear geometric cross section. The argument of the generating function, however, is limited to the maximum value of a dimensionless thickness function obtained at zero impact parameter for the heaviest nuclear targets: about 1.8 for pions and 3.0 for nucleons.

We study deep-inelastic scattering from polarized nuclei within a covariant framework. A clear connection is established between relativistic and nonrelativistic limits, which enables a rigorous derivation of convolution formulas for the spin-dependent nuclear structure functions ${\mathit{g}}_1^{\mathit{A}}$ and ${\mathit{g}}_2^{\mathit{A}}$ in terms of off-mass-shell extrapolations of polarized nucleon structure functions, ${\mathit{g}}_1^{\mathit{N}}$ and ${\mathit{g}}_2^{\mathit{N}}$. Approximate expressions for ${\mathit{g}}_{1,2}^{\mathit{A}}$ are obtained by expanding the off-shell ${\mathit{g}}_{1,2}^{\mathit{N}}$ about their on-shell limits. As an application of the formalism we consider nuclear effects in the deuteron, knowledge of which is necessary to obtain accurate information on the spin-dependent structure functions of the neutron.

The ratio of inclusive spectra of neutrons and protons in antiproton-, pion-, and proton-nucleus interactions at intermediate energies has been considered in the framework of the intranuclear cascade (INC) model. The ratio predicted by the standard INC model is consistent with the experimental data for pion- and proton-induced reactions, but contradicts the ratio obtained in antiproton-nucleus annihilation measurements. It has been shown that for pion-nucleus interactions the n/p ratio is much affected by isotopic effects in pion absorption and mainly depends on pion charge. Nevertheless, due to the presence of positive, negative, and neutral pions in antiproton-nucleon annihilation the calculated n/p ratio becomes close to the N/Z ratio of the target nucleus. The coalescence of nucleons, preequilibrium emission of particles, interaction of annihilation pions with the nuclear Coulomb field, neutron halo effects, and many body annihilation have been considered as possible candidates which would affect the n/p ratio in antiproton-nucleus annihilation. A simple quark counting estimation for the n/p ratio in many body annihilation has been made.

An investigation of the production of neutron-rich isotopes from the fragmentation of ${}_{}{}^{28}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Si}$ projectiles at ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=14.6 GeV/c per nucleon was performed using the BNL-AGS-E814 spectrometer. We have measured the inclusive production cross sections of neutron-rich fragments ${(}^6$He, ${}_{}{}^8{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$, ${}_{}{}^8{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$, ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$, ${}_{}{}^{10}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$, ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$, and ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$). We have also measured the transverse momentum distributions for ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ and ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$, and the forward and transverse energy distributions associated with ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ production. The momentum distributions were analyzed in the context of the Goldhaber model. The question of whether the fragments are produced in the decay of the projectile following its electromagnetic excitation was also investigated.

The semiclassical kinetic equations for the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) are discussed by the multiple time-scale method. The mechanism of nonlinear Landau damping owing to non-Abelian and nonlinear wave-particle interactions in QGP is investigated, and the nonlinear Landau damping rate for the longitudinal color eigenwaves in the long-wavelength limit is calculated.

The process of deuteron formation in intermediate heavy ion reactions is approached within the strong coupling BCS theory assuming that the final stage of the reaction can be described as an adiabatic expansion of a piece of nuclear matter. Since the gap equation in the ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}$${\mathit{S}}_1$${\mathrm{-}}^3$${\mathit{D}}_1$ channel goes over into the deuteron Schrödinger equation in the low density limit, a smooth transition from the superfluid Cooper pair phase to a Bose deuteron gas is found. For a fixed entropy ranging from 0.5 to 2 units per particle the deuteron fraction, the chemical potential and temperature are reported as a function of density. For densities down to ρ=0.1 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{-}3}$ and lower, the deuteron-to-nucleon ratio rapidly increases from a density threshold strongly depending on the entropy. Decreasing further the density this ratio tends logarithmically to one. The possible relevance of these results for heavy ion collisions and the shortcomings of the present approach are briefly discussed.

We review the method of two-particle intensity interferometry, define appropriate techniques to make the comparison between RQMD source distributions and correlation function fit parameters, and compare these to results from CERN experiments NA44 and NA35. The fit parameters are investigated as a function of rapidity and transverse momentum and are found to depend on the collision dynamics. Although position-momentum correlations invalidate the naive interpretation of the correlation function fit parameters as source sizes, we use a dynamical model to extract this information and identify a region in rapidity and transverse momentum where the dynamical effects are minimized.

Using the general framework of quantum field kinetics we consider new principles to compute initial distribution of quarks and gluons after the first hard interaction of heavy ions. We start by rewriting the integral equations of QCD in a form which is a generalization of the familiar QCD evolution equations. These equations describe both space-time and (x,${\mathit{Q}}^2$) evolution before the collision and allow one to use the ep DIS data without reference to parton phenomenology. A new technique generates perturbation theory that avoids double counting of the processes, does not contain an artificial factorization scale, and does not require low-momentum cut-offs since infrared behavior is controlled by the DIS data.

Cross sections for the ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(p,${\mathit{p}}^{\prime }$t) and (p,${\mathit{p}}^{\prime }$h) reactions have been measured at a bombarding energy of 101.2 MeV. Interpreted within a resonance excitation and decay model, the measurements permit a study of charge-symmetric single-nucleon decays of ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ resonances. Measured angular correlations indicate that most of the yield arises from the excitation of the generalized dipole response. The results are consistent with minimal isospin mixing in the region of the dipole resonance.

The π${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$(1/$2^{+}$[660]) and π${\mathit{h}}_{9/2}$(1/$2^{\mathrm{-}}$[541]) bands of ${}_{}{}^{175}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Re}$ and ${}_{}{}^{177}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ir}$ are extended to high spins with the reactions ${}_{}{}^{161}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Dy}$${(}^{19}$F, 5n${)}^{175}$Re and ${}_{}{}^{146}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Nd}$${(}^{35}$Cl, 4n${)}^{177}$Ir. Band crossings are observed which are attributed to the alignment of ${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ neutrons. In the case of the π${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ bands, a study of the alignments implies a reduction in deformation at the crossing. In ${}_{}{}^{177}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ir}$ the yrare extensions of the one- and three-quasiparticle π${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ bands are observed for the first time, enabling relative quadrupole moments to be deduced. These support a loss of deformation in the three-quasiparticle π${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ bands. The interaction between the bands is 77.3 keV. Therefore, up-bends at low frequency in the π${\mathit{i}}_{13/2}$ bands are attributed to deformation effects rather than strong interactions.

New precision measurements of the ${}_{}{}^2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{H}$(γ→,p)n reaction taken with tagged polarized photons, and covering a wide angular range, are presented for incident energies between 113 and 315 MeV. In the region of the Δ resonance, the photodisintegration observables can potentially be used to probe the NΔ interaction. Coupled-channel calculations are in agreement with cross sections measured with linear polarization parallel to the reaction plane but fail to account for data taken with perpendicular kinematics.

For the first time the ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}$(p,α${)}^{15}$O reaction has been studied with a ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{F}$ beam at energies which are of interest to explosive nucleosynthesis. Utilizing the gas-filled magnet technique a clean identification of the reaction products was achieved. A resonance with spin 3/$2^{+}$ at an equivalent c.m. energy of 660 keV dominates the yield.

We have produced very large nuclear alignments in radioactive ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$ (half-life 0.34 sec) through laser optical pumping techniques. The ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$ was created through (p,n) reactions using a 50 nA, 22 MeV proton beam, and a 3.3 atmosphere ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$ target. Measurements were made with the target cell at room temperature, when direct optical pumping produces nuclear orientation in the ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$, and at elevated temperatures 160 °C and 180 °C) where the ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$ is oriented through a combination of direct optical pumping and spin exchange. The fraction of the maximal nuclear alignment for the 180 °C data was determined to be 0.46±0.07 stat±0.05 syst through measurements of the γ-ray anisotropy following positron decay. Roughly ${10}^5$ or more decays of oriented ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$ occurred each second. The application of the superallowed decay of ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{K}$ to measurements of time-reversal symmetry in β decay is discussed.

In high resolution photon scattering experiments on the actinide nucleus ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$, three dipole excitations have been found in the energy region around 1.8 MeV. The experiments yielded model independent information about the energies, spins, gamma decay branching ratios, cross sections, and the lifetimes of these J=1 states which lie in the energy region of the electron-positron lines observed by the EPOS and ORANGE Collaborations at the GSI Darmstadt.