A many-body calculation of ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ is presented where the only input is the well-tested, finite-range D1S effective interaction of Gogny. The nucleus ground state is modeled as a GCM configuration mixing of Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov states generated with a constraint on the mean square radius. Pairing correlations are computed from the two-body interaction itself. The kinds of correlations included in this way are found to play an important role in describing the large ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ radius. A substantive underlying ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ core of ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ is found, which has a different density profile than a free ${}_{}{}^9{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$ nucleus. The relations of this work with other approaches are discussed.

Macroscopic dynamical equations for the effective nuclear surface in terms of the collective variables are derived within the framework of the liquid drop model for large deformations. The inertia and friction parameters are calculated for Lorentz parametrization of nuclear shape in the case of incompressible and irrotational flow. We found the noticeable discrepancy between our results for the calculated friction tensor components related to the ‘‘neck’’ degree of freedom and obtained in other macroscopic models.

In this paper our microscopic wave functions for Gd isotopes are applied to calculating neutron-pair transfer probabilities in heavy-ion collisions. The ∼2600-term wave functions come from Hamiltonian matrix diagonalization of systems of 12 Nilsson neutron orbitals, nearly half-filled. We use the lowest five bands in initial and final nuclei and calculate transfer for all even spins from 0 through 30. Results for the sudden approximation (infinite moment-of-inertia) for neutron-pair extraction from ${}_{}{}^{156}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$ by ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ at near Coulomb barrier energy, and extraction by ${}_{}{}^{206}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ are shown. Next neutron-pair deposition by the Ni and Pb projectiles is calculated. Finally, a finite moment-of-inertia semiclassical calculation is formulated and performed on the ${}_{}{}^{156}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$ + ${}_{}{}^{206}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pb}$ system for n-pair transfer in both directions. The results are compared with experimental results. It is clear that the inclusion of the additional bands above the lowest two is important. Theory and experiment agree qualitatively on the rise of population above the yrast line at higher spins.

A consistent description of the macroscopic large amplitude dynamics and processes of internal excitation of a nucleus is suggested. The cranking model approach is used for the calculation of the response function of the nucleus in a moving frame. Using spectral statistics smearing, the collective mass, friction, and diffusion coefficients are derived. The relation of the response function in a moving frame to the correlation function in a classical chaotic system is established. The rate of dissipation due to the Landau-Zener transitions and through the Kubo mechanism is considered.

The ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ nucleus is investigated in the three-cluster generator coordinate method, involving several ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$+n+n configurations. The ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ core nucleus is described in the harmonic oscillator model with all possible configurations in the p shell. We present the theoretical energy spectrum of ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ up to 5 MeV excitation energy, and show that the matter densities support a halo structure of the ground state. A strong enhancement of the rms radius with respect to the ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ core is obtained, in agreement with experiment. Our calculation indicates that the ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ (g.s.)+n+n configuration represents 66% only of the total wave function, and that core excitations cannot be neglected. A comparative study of the ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$, ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$, and ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ nuclei is performed with identical conditions of calculation. We also analyze dipole and quadrupole excitations of the ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Be}$ ground state, and show that a significant part of the sum rules for soft modes is exhausted at low excitation energies.

Starting with a two-body effective nucleon-nucleon interaction, it is shown that the infinite nuclear matter model of atomic nuclei is more appropriate than the conventional Bethe-Weizsacker-like mass formulas to extract saturation properties of nuclear matter from nuclear masses. In particular, the saturation density thus obtained agrees with that of electron scattering data and the Hartree-Fock calculations. For the first time using nuclear mass formula, the radius constant ${\mathit{r}}_0$=1.138 fm and binding energy per nucleon ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{v}}$=-16.11 MeV, corresponding to the infinite nuclear matter, are consistently obtained from the same source. An important off-shoot of this study is the determination of nuclear matter incompressibility ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathrm{\infty }}$ to be 288±28 MeV using the same source of nuclear masses as input.

We study the gross properties of even-even and N=Z nuclei with A=48–64 using shell-model Monte Carlo methods. Our calculations account for all 0ħω configurations in the fp shell and employ the modified Kuo-Brown interaction KB3. We find good agreement with data for masses and total B(E2) strengths, the latter employing effective charges ${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{p}}$=1.35e and ${\mathit{e}}_{\mathit{n}}$=0.35e. The calculated total Gamow-Teller strengths agree consistently with the B(${\mathit{GT}}_{+}$) values deduced from (n,p) data if the shell-model results are renormalized by 0.64, as has already been established for sd-shell nuclei. The present calculations therefore suggest that this renormalization (i.e., ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{A}}$=1 in the nuclear medium) is universal.

We present a completely microscopic approach for obtaining the preformation factors and the decay widths of α, ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ca}$, and ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ cluster decays. We start from realistic single particle Woods-Saxon wave functions and include a large space BCS-type configuration mixing. A pairing interaction acting among valence particles, placed above a double magic core, was considered. The penetrability is evaluated within the WKB approximation. The model predictions are also checked for some well-known α and ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ decays from even-even nuclei.

Excitation functions were measured by the stacked-foil technique for ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$(p,α${)}^{61}$Co and ${}_{}{}^{86}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$(p,α${)}^{83}$Rb reactions from threshold up to 18.5 MeV. Thin samples of 95% enriched ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$ were prepared by electrodeposition on gold foils, and those of 96.3% enriched ${}_{}{}^{86}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{SrCO}_3^{}{}_{}{}^{}$ via sedimentation on Cu backing. The radioactivity of the activation products was determined via high resolution γ-ray spectrometry. Statistical model calculations taking into account preequilibrium effects were performed for the experimentally measured competing reactions induced by protons on the target nuclei ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$, ${}_{}{}^{78}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$, and ${}_{}{}^{86}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$. The strong (p,n) channel is described well by the calculation. In the case of weaker channels some discrepancies occurred between the experimental and theoretical data, in particular for ${}_{}{}^{78}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ as target. Regarding the (p,α) process, an attempt was made to include direct three-nucleon pickup component. For the neutron deficient target nuclei ${}_{}{}^{78}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Kr}$ and ${}_{}{}^{86}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Sr}$ the direct reaction contribution to the (p,α) cross section appears to be small, presumably due to large (p,n) thresholds. Inclusion of this component in the (p,α) reaction on the neutron rich target nuclide ${}_{}{}^{64}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$, however, led to a better agreement between the experimental and theoretical data.

Using the on-line mass separator at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung Unilac we produced ${}_{}{}^{114}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$ through the ${}_{}{}^{58}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ni}$${(}^{58}$Ni,2n${)}^{114}$Ba reaction and measured its production cross section to be 0.${20}_{\mathrm{-}0.09}^{+0.13\mathrm{}}$ μb. The new isotope ${}_{}{}^{114}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$ represents the heaviest N=Z+2 nucleus known to date. With ΔE-E telescopes we measured the total (β-decay) half-life to be ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{\beta }}$=0.${43}_{\mathrm{-}0.15}^{+0.30\mathrm{}}$ s and the partial α-decay half-life to be ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}$≥1.2×${10}^2$ s (1 MeV≤${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{\alpha }}$≤4 MeV) for ${}_{}{}^{114}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ba}$. With track detectors we found a half-life for spontaneous ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ emission ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{C}}$≥1.1×${10}^3$ s based on three carbon events.

Cross sections for elastic scattering and quasielastic transfer have been measured for ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$${+}^{96,100}$Mo at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=180 MeV (∼60% above the Coulomb barrier). The transfer yields are dominated by the ${(}^{32}$S, ${}_{}{}^{33}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$) and ${(}^{32}$S, ${}_{}{}^{31}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{P}$) reactions which account for about 50% of the total quasielastic transfer strength. The transfer probabilities show an exponential decrease with increasing distance of closest approach. The measured decay constants are smaller than the binding-energy derived decay constants. The observed enhancements of the transfer probabilities for the simplest single-step transfer reactions (involving the transfer of up to two nucleons) can be understood quantitatively in terms of quantum diffraction.

Angular distributions for photon scattering from ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}_{}{}^4{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$ have been measured using continuous wave bremsstrahlung from the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory pulse stretcher ring. Data for carbon were taken at 158.8, 195.2, 197.2, 247.2, and 290.2 MeV end-point energies, and for helium were taken at an end-point energy of 158.8 MeV. A large NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectrometer with 1.7% resolution was used to detect the scattered photons at laboratory scattering angles ranging from 20° to 150°. The excellent energy resolution of the NaI detector allowed a separation of elastic from inelastic photon scattering for the first time at these energies. The angular distributions for elastic scattering are in only fair agreement with delta-hole theory and theory based on the optical theorem at forward angles, and completely disagree with theory at backward angles. Measured cross sections for inelastic scattering leading to the 4.43 MeV state in carbon are small compared to the elastic scattering at forward angles, but are dominant at backward angles. This experiment is the first to separate elastic from inelastic photon scattering at these energies.

Central collisions of ${}_{}{}^{16}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ on a ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ target have been studied at 32.5 MeV/A. An analysis in terms of incomplete fusion followed by statistical decay is presented and the main channels for the incomplete fusion are extracted for this reaction. A detailed study of the specific channel, ${}_{}{}^5{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$+2H, shows a good agreement with a statistical decay of the ${}_{}{}^{24}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mg}$ parent nucleus while a multifragmentation model predicts a larger sphericity for these events.

The ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$ + ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ and ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ + ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ elastic cross sections are measured at the center-of-mass energies of 7.8, 9.6, and 14.2 MeV, using radioactive ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$ and stable ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ beams and position-sensitive solid-state detectors. These data are analyzed with the optical model assuming the same real central part of the nuclear potential for both systems as suggested by charge symmetry. The ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$ + ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ angular distributions display a significant backward rise which arises from a parity dependence of the nucleus-nucleus interaction, as for the mirror ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ + ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ system. The corresponding parity terms in both potentials are similar when the different charges of the exchanged nucleons and their different binding energies are properly taken into account. A smaller imaginary part is obtained for ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$ + ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ than for ${}_{}{}^{13}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ + ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$, which might be due to a smaller number of open two-body inelastic and direct reaction channels.

Impact parameter selected excited state populations were measured for ${}_{}{}^{36}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Ar}$${+}^{197}$Au reactions at E/A=35 MeV in order to better understand population inversions observed in a previous measurement of ${}_{}{}^{14}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{N}$+Ag reactions at E/A=35 MeV. The present impact parameter selected measurements revealed such population inversions to be most prominent in low multiplicity peripheral reactions. The excited state population for central collisions approach statistical model predictions for T≊4 MeV.

The energy distributions of the intermediate mass fragments (IMFs, 4≤${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathrm{IMF}}$≤9) emitted in the reaction 47 MeV ${}_{}{}^7{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Mg have been measured in the angular range 15°≤${\mathrm{\theta }}_{\mathrm{lab}}$≤120°. Invariant cross sections plotted in the velocity plane have indicated the existence of a fusionlike source as well as some intermediate velocity source for lighter fragments. Source parameters for the fusionlike source and the intermediate velocity source have been extracted using phenomenological moving source model. The results of the present measurement have been extensively compared with the predictions of the binary fragmentation model. The shapes of the fragment energy distribution have been reproduced fairly well by the binary fragmentation model except for the forward angle data for Be and B. The higher energy tails in the forward angle data for Be, B are indicative of the presence of other reaction processes. Average kinetic energies of the fragments and total elemental cross sections extracted from the data have been compared with those obtained from asymmetric binary fragmentation calculations. In both cases, it has been found that the theoretical predictions are in good agremeent with the respective experimental estimates with the exception of Be and B, where the theory underpredicts the experimental results indicating additional contributions from other reaction mechanisms.

We have measured the absolute cross section σ(θ) and complete sets of spin observables ${\mathit{A}}_{00\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}$ in ${}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{He}$(p,p) elastic scattering at energies of 200 and 500 MeV. The observables depend on linear combinations of six complex scattering amplitudes for the p${\mathrm{-}}^3$He system and provide a severe test of current reaction models. The in-scattering plane observables (${\mathit{A}}_{00\mathit{m}\mathit{m}}$, ${\mathit{A}}_{00\mathit{l}\mathit{l}}$, ${\mathit{A}}_{00\mathit{l}\mathit{m}}$, and ${\mathit{A}}_{00\mathit{m}\mathit{l}}$) are all in quantitative disagreement with fully microscopic nonrelativistic optical model calculations and nonrelativistic distorted wave Born approximation calculations.

Intermediate-mass-fragment emission has been studied in central E/A=30 MeV ${}_{}{}^{129}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Xe}$${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Cu reactions. The measured fragment multiplicities, reduced-velocity correlation functions, and emission velocities have been compared with schematic three-body trajectory calculations and with three statistical models with input based upon a dynamical BNV code. The statistical models which include expansion either explicitly or implicitly are able to generate a sufficient number of fragments. The three-body trajectory calculations indicate a mean emission time of ≊200 fm/c, consistent with sequential decay. Dynamical expanding-emitting source calculations predict a similar time scale for fragment emission and give satisfactory agreement with the experimental correlation functions if the experimental angular distributions are incorporated into the model. The Berlin multifragmentation model gives good agreement with the experimental charge distributions, and, depending upon the choice of radius parameter, can provide agreement with either the correlation functions or the fragment emission velocities, but not with both simultaneously. Although an overall good agreement is obtained in the statistical model comparisons, even in the most violent collisions the angular distributions and fragment emission velocities are incompatible with completely equilibrated decay from a single source.

We extend the algebraic-eikonal approach to medium energy proton scattering from odd-mass nuclei by combining the eikonal approximation for the scattering with a description of odd-mass nuclei in terms of the interacting boson-fermion model. We derive closed expressions for the transition matrix elements for one of the dynamical symmetries and discuss the interplay between collective and single-particle degrees of freedom in an application to elastic and inelastic proton scattering from ${}_{}{}^{195}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Pt}$.

Absorptive potentials for preequilibrium reactions are studied in connection with the absorptive potentials at finite temperature. As a temperature fixed state is a mixture of many-particle many-hole states, an absorptive potential at finite temperature is constructed from exciton number fixed absorptive potentials obtained in the previous paper. Our results, which include terms linear in temperature, are compared with those of Morel and Nozières which lack these terms. The absorptive potential at finite temperature is decomposed by dividing the occupation probability function into the particle and hole parts. The resulting potentials are associated with six processes, and by introducing further approximation we obtain the correspondence with previously obtained ones. Using the Fermi liquid approximation the absorptive potentials for each process and both contributions of polarization and correlation are investigated in detail and the origin of the linear terms in temperature is found coming from the Pauli blocking effect. The results are compared with those without the Fermi liquid approximation using a simplified Skyrme interaction. It is found that the Fermi liquid approximation works fairly well when absorption is not restricted to the bound configurations. Furthermore the Pauli correction term is found important and is shown to be easily taken into account by using the thermal formalism.