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Bell Test of Quantum Entanglement in Attosecond Photoionization

Marco Ruberti1,2,*, Vitali Averbukh1, and Florian Mintert1,3

  • *Contact author: m.ruberti11@imperial.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. X 14, 041042 – Published 13 November, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041042

Abstract

Attosecond physics enables the study of ultrafast coherent electron dynamics in matter upon photoexcitation and photoionization, revealing spectacular effects such as hole migration and coherent Auger dynamics in molecules. In the photoionization scenario, there has been a strong focus on probing the physical manifestations of internal quantum coherence within the individual parent ion and photoelectron systems. However, quantum correlations between these two subsystems emerging from attosecond photoionization events have thus far remained much more elusive. In this work, we design theoretically and model numerically a direct probe of quantum entanglement in attosecond photoionization in the form of a Bell test. We simulate from first principles a Bell test protocol for the case of noble gas atoms photoionized by ultrashort, circularly polarized infrared laser pulses in the strong-field regime predicting robust violation of the Bell inequality. This theoretical result paves the way for the direct observation of entanglement in the context of ultrafast photoionization of many-electron systems. Our work provides a novel perspective on attosecond physics directed toward the detection of quantum correlations between systems born during attosecond photoionization and unraveling the signatures of entanglement in ultrafast coherent molecular dynamics, including in the chemical decomposition pathways of molecular ions.

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Popular Summary

The fundamental goal of attosecond physics is to understand electron dynamics in matter on its natural, ultrafast timescale. The most basic response of matter upon interaction with ultrafast laser pulses features photoionization, in which an electron separates from its parent ion. Entanglement, the iconic quantum effect that led to the puzzling concept of “spooky action at a distance,” is supposedly a crucial component of photoionization dynamics, but has remained elusive in attosecond physics. Here, we fill this gap and provide insights into the quantum entanglement in attosecond photoionization by devising a way to detect it directly.

The common description of ultrafast photoionization experiments placed its focus on the internal coherent dynamics of the photoelectron and parent ion born during photoionization. We provide a theoretical construction, in terms of ionization processes and observables to be measured, of a Bell test that verifies entanglement between the photoelectron and ion. This test detects entanglement between the bound states of the ion and the spin of the emitted electron. We simulate it numerically for noble gas atoms photoionized by circularly polarized laser pulses. We predict that strong violation of the Bell inequalities—constraints on correlations between observables in the case of “hidden variables” linking them—can be observed in attosecond photoionization experiments, demonstrating that entanglement is central to a deeper understanding of ultrafast photoionization phenomena.

Our work opens a novel perspective on attosecond physics directed toward unraveling the signatures of entanglement in ultrafast coherent dynamics upon photoionization.

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. X 14, 041042– Published 13 November, 2024
  • Received 12 January 2024
  • Accepted 7 October 2024
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