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Active Fréedericksz Transition in Active Nematic Droplets

Salman Alam1, Bibi Najma1, Abhinav Singh2,3,4, Jeremy Laprade1, Gauri Gajeshwar1, Hannah G. Yevick1, Aparna Baskaran1, Peter J. Foster1,†, and Guillaume Duclos1,*

  • *Contact author: gduclos@brandeis.edu
  • †Present address: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
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Phys. Rev. X 14, 041002 – Published 3 October, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041002

Abstract

Active nematic liquid crystals have the remarkable ability to spontaneously deform and flow in the absence of any external driving force. While living materials with orientational order, such as the mitotic spindle, can self-assemble in quiescent active phases, reconstituted active systems often display chaotic, periodic, or circulating flows under confinement. Quiescent in vitro active nematics are, therefore, quite rare, despite the prediction from active hydrodynamic theory that confinement between two parallel plates can suppress flows. This spontaneous flow transition—named the active Fréedericksz transition by analogy with the conventional Fréedericksz transition in passive nematic liquid crystals under a magnetic field—has been a cornerstone of the field of active matter. Here, we report experimental evidence that confinement in spherical droplets can stabilize the otherwise chaotic dynamics of a 3D extensile active nematics, giving rise to a quiescent—yet still out-of-equilibrium—nematic liquid crystal. The active nematics spontaneously flow when confined in larger droplets. The composite nature of our model system composed of extensile bundles of microtubules and molecular motors dispersed in a passive colloidal liquid crystal allows us to demonstrate how the interplay of activity, nematic elasticity, and confinement impacts the spontaneous flow transition. The critical diameter increases when motor concentration decreases or nematic elasticity increases. Experiments and simulations also demonstrate that the critical confinement depends on the confining geometry, with the critical diameter in droplets being larger than the critical width in channels. Biochemical assays reveal that neither confinement nor nematic elasticity impacts the energy-consumption rate, confirming that the quiescent active phase is the stable out-of-equilibrium phase predicted theoretically. Further experiments in dense arrays of monodisperse droplets show that fluctuations in the droplet composition can smooth the flow transition close to the critical diameter. In conclusion, our work provides experimental validation of the active Fréedericksz transition in 3D active nematics, with potential applications in human health, ecology, and soft robotics.

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Popular Summary

Active nematics are dense suspensions of motile and locally aligned rodlike units. When unconfined, these systems can spontaneously deform and flow; when confined, they often display chaotic, periodic, or circulating flows. Theory predicts that certain types of confinement can suppress flows, a key ability for a wide range of potential applications. Here, we provide experimental evidence that confinement in spherical droplets can stabilize the otherwise chaotic dynamics of 3D active liquid crystals.

In our experiments, we confined a model system of locally aligned biopolymers and energy-consuming molecular motors in a water-in-oil emulsion. Above some critical droplet diameter—defined by motor concentration, nematic elasticity, and the confining geometry—the active nematics flow spontaneously; below that diameter, the flows are suppressed.

Controlling active flows in this way could have important biomedical and ecological applications, including preventing the migration of sarcoma cells from primary tumors or the spreading and growth of bacterial biofilms, two well-characterized examples of active liquid crystals.

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Phys. Rev. X 14, 041002– Published 3 October, 2024
  • Received 26 October 2023
  • Revised 3 May 2024
  • Accepted 31 July 2024
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