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Spin Nematic Liquid Crystal and Scalar Spin Chirality in Tetragonal Lattice YbMnBi2

Yaofeng Xie1,2,*, Sijie Xu1,2,*, Yu Pan3,4,*, Taekoo Oh5,6,10,*, Tingjun Zhang1,2,1,11,*, Masaaki Matsuda7, Zhaoyu Liu1,2, Zehao Wang1,2, Yiheng Wang1,2 et al.

Siyu Pan1,2, Avishek Maity7, Sylwia Pawledzio7, Xiaoping Wang7, Songxue Chi7, Feng Ye7, Yiqing Hao7, Huibo Cao7, Barry L. Winn7, Melissa K. Graves-Brook7, Shuai Wu8, Fan Li8, Xiaoyuan Zhou8, Claudia Felser4, Naoto Nagaosa6,9,†, and Pengcheng Dai1,2,‡

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: nagaosa@riken.jp
  • ‡Contact author: pdai@rice.edu
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Phys. Rev. X 16, 041001 – Published 1 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/w1nt-6s12

Abstract

A spin nematic order, analogous to a nematic liquid crystal, characterizes the spontaneous breaking of spin-space rotational symmetry while preserving time-reversal (T) symmetry. On the other hand, the order parameter characterizing the T-symmetry breaking is the composite three-spin order, i.e., the scalar spin chirality (SSC) χijk=⟨Si·(Sj×Sk)⟩, where Si, Sj, Sk are spins at neighboring sites i, j, k, respectively, and nonzero SSC is known to induce anomalous Hall effect (AHE). Although a spin nematic phase has been suggested in the frustrated magnets and the square-lattice iridate, how a spin nematic phase might affect magneto-transport properties is unknown. Here we use polarized neutron scattering to show that tetragonal lattice AMnBi2 (A=Ca, Yb) is a strictly c-axis-aligned collinear antiferromagnet (C-type) with TN≈270 and 290 K. On cooling from 450 K to TN, low-energy spin excitations in YbMnBi2 spontaneously change from isotropic to anisotropic in spin space within the tetragonal plane, forming a dynamic spin nematic phase around 400 K due to heavy Yb-induced spin-orbit coupling, before gapping out below TN. Similar polarized neutron scattering measurements on CaMnBi2 reveal isotropic paramagnetic scattering without a spin nematic phase above TN. Under an in-plane external magnetic field, the Yb3+ moments may interact with the dynamic spin nematic phase to induce nonzero SSC, giving rise to AHE and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in YbMnBi2 that is absent in CaMnBi2 above TN. Theoretical analysis of Ginzburg-Landau theory based on the symmetry indicates that the coupling terms between the nematic order and SSC of 5 order in the spin operators are allowed under an external magnetic field B. This could explain the rapid increase of AHE as a function of B in YbMnBi2. Our results, therefore, provide compelling evidence for dynamic SSC-induced AHE and ANE in the paramagnetic phase of a compensated collinear antiferromagnet, opening a new avenue for the physics of composite orders of multiple spins for room-temperature spintronics without magnetic order.

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Popular Summary

Generating transverse electrical responses like the anomalous Hall effect without net magnetization or long-range magnetic order remains challenging because conventional transport mechanisms rely on single-spin order parameters. We addressed this limitation by conducting neutron scattering experiments on YbMnBi2, demonstrating that a dynamic spin nematic state couples to applied magnetic fields to generate finite scalar spin chirality above the magnetic transition temperature.

We found that the coupling of Yb3+ moments to fluctuating manganese spins produces both an anomalous Hall effect and an anomalous Nernst effect over a wide temperature range, an effect absent in nonmagnetic CaMnBi2. Our work establishes composite spin orders as a viable driver for topological transport, paving the way for spintronic devices operating without long-range magnetic order.

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Phys. Rev. X 16, 041001– Published 1 October, 2026
  • Received 30 June 2025
  • Revised 14 July 2026
  • Accepted 11 August 2026
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