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  • Open Access

High-Power Clock Laser Spectrally Tailored for High-Fidelity Quantum State Engineering

Lingfeng Yan*, Stefan Lannig, William R. Milner, Max N. Frankel, Ben Lewis, Dahyeon Lee, Kyungtae Kim, and Jun Ye†

  • *Contact author: lingfeng.yan@colorado.edu
  • †Contact author: ye@jila.colorado.edu
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Phys. Rev. X 15, 031055 – Published 26 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qw53-8b8r

Abstract

Highly frequency-stable lasers are ubiquitous tools for optical-frequency metrology, precision interferometry, and quantum information science. While making a universally applicable laser is unrealistic, spectral noise can be tailored for specific applications. Here we report a high-power 698-nm clock laser with a maximum output of 4W and minimized frequency noise up to a few kHz Fourier frequency, together with long-term instability of 3.5×10−17 at one to thousands of seconds. The laser-frequency noise is precisely characterized with atom-based spectral analysis that employs a pulse sequence designed to suppress sensitivity to intensity noise. This method provides universally applicable tunability of the spectral response and analysis of quantum sensors over a wide frequency range. With the optimized laser system characterized by this technique, we achieve an average single-qubit Clifford gate fidelity of up to F12=0.99964(3) when simultaneously driving 3000 optical qubits with a homogeneous Rabi frequency ranging from 10 Hz to 1 kHz. This result represents the highest single optical-qubit-gate fidelity for a large number of atoms.

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Popular Summary

Precise control of quantum systems is essential for advancing technologies such as quantum computing, simulation, and sensing. A major challenge in optical qubit platforms and atomic clocks is developing laser systems that are both stable and fast enough to coherently manipulate thousands of atoms. In this work, we present a high-power optical-clock laser with custom-engineered noise properties. Using this laser, we achieve record-high, single-qubit optical-gate fidelity across 3000 atoms—an important milestone for scaling up quantum systems.

Our approach integrates two types of optical reference cavities: a cryogenic silicon cavity for long-term stability and a room-temperature ultralow expansion cavity for high-frequency noise suppression. These are linked using an optical-frequency comb to bridge their advantages. To optimize performance, we also develop a technique that uses the atoms themselves as sensitive probes of the laser’s phase noise across a wide spectrum. This allows us to tune the laser system, pushing the limits of laser stability and coherence.

This laser system lays the foundation for large-scale, high-fidelity control in quantum information platforms. It enables more precise and reliable quantum gates, supports the creation of highly entangled states, and can be adapted for use in next-generation atomic clocks and quantum sensors. The hybrid noise-suppression techniques and atom-based diagnostics we demonstrate here offer a blueprint for future laser development across a wide range of quantum technologies.

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. X 15, 031055– Published 26 August, 2025
  • Received 16 January 2025
  • Accepted 23 July 2025
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