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Efficiently Laser Driven Terahertz Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Long Metal Wire

Shuo-ting Shao1,*, Xiang-bing Wang1,*, Rong Huang2, Guang-yue Hu1,†, Min Chen2,‡, Hui-bo Tang1,3, Long-yu Kuang4, Yu-xi Liu1, Yu-qiu Gu4,§ et al.

Yong-kun Ding4,∥, Hong-bin Zhuo5, and Ming-yang Yu5

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: gyhu@ustc.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: minchen@sjtu.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: yqgu@caep.ac.cn
  • ∥Contact author: ding-yk@vip.sina.com
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Phys. Rev. X 15, 031025 – Published 24 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mkyj-77k8

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate a novel scheme for efficiently generating intense terahertz surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on a subwavelength-diameter meter-long metal wire. Driven by a subrelativistic femtosecond laser (a0=0.3, 3 mJ) focused at the wire’s midpoint, single-cycle 10-MW terahertz SPPs are excited and propagate bidirectionally along it over 25 cm. The measured laser-to-SPPs energy conversion efficiency is reaching up to approximately 2.4%, which is the highest value at present. It is proved that the terahertz SPPs are excited by coherent transition radiation of the subrelativistic-laser-produced escaping electrons. Particle-in-cell together with CST simulations confirm the experimental observations. Our scheme of using readily available subrelativistic laser should thus be useful to applications requiring terawatt level single-cycle terahertz SPPs.

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Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Popular Summary

Terahertz radiation holds great promise for applications in materials science, biosensing, and next-generation communications, but generating and guiding intense terahertz radiation efficiently remains a challenge. In our study, we discover a compact and efficient way to produce powerful terahertz waves by focusing a femtosecond laser onto a metal wire about a meter long. This setup generates single-cycle terahertz surface waves—called surface plasmon polaritons—with peak powers reaching 10 MW.

We find that this terahertz radiation results from coherent transition radiation emitted by electrons driven by the laser. Surprisingly, it is not the fastest, highly relativistic electrons that contribute the most, but rather the slower, subrelativistic ones. These electrons turn out to be more efficient at converting laser energy into terahertz radiation. With this method, we achieve an energy conversion efficiency of up to 2.4%, one of the highest ever reported for laser-driven terahertz sources.

Our approach uses widely available laser technology and does not require large-scale facilities, making it a practical solution for real-world applications. This compact method could be used in endoscopic terahertz imaging for medical diagnostics, waveguide-based particle accelerators, nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy, and integrated terahertz technologies.

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Phys. Rev. X 15, 031025– Published 24 July, 2025
  • Received 22 May 2024
  • Accepted 20 June 2025
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