Open Access

Cosmological and High-Energy Physics Implications from Gravitational-Wave Background Searches in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA’s O1–O4a Runs

A. G. Abac ¹, I. Abouelfettouh², F. Acernese^3,4, K. Ackley ⁵, C. Adamcewicz ⁶, S. Adhicary ⁷, D. Adhikari^8,9, N. Adhikari ¹⁰, R. X. Adhikari ¹¹ et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration)

R. X. Adhikari ¹¹, V. K. Adkins¹², S. Afroz ¹³, A. Agapito¹⁴, D. Agarwal ¹⁵, M. Agathos ¹⁶, N. Aggarwal¹⁷, S. Aggarwal¹⁸, O. D. Aguiar ¹⁹, I.-L. Ahrend²⁰, L. Aiello ^21,22, A. Ain ²³, P. Ajith ²⁴, T. Akutsu ^25,26, S. Albanesi ^27,28, W. Ali^29,30, S. Al-Kershi^8,9, C. Alléné³¹, A. Allocca ^32,4, S. Al-Shammari³³, P. A. Altin ³⁴, S. Alvarez-Lopez ³⁵, W. Amar³¹, O. Amarasinghe³³, A. Amato ^36,37, F. Amicucci ^38,39, C. Amra⁴⁰, A. Ananyeva¹¹, S. B. Anderson ¹¹, W. G. Anderson ¹¹, M. Andia ⁴¹, M. Ando⁴², M. Andrés-Carcasona ⁴³, T. Andrić ^44,45,8,9, J. Anglin⁴⁶, S. Ansoldi ^47,48, J. M. Antelis ⁴⁹, S. Antier ⁴¹, M. Aoumi⁵⁰, E. Z. Appavuravther^51,52, S. Appert¹¹, S. K. Apple ⁵³, K. Arai ¹¹, A. Araya ⁴², M. C. Araya ¹¹, M. Arca Sedda^44,45, J. S. Areeda ⁵⁴, N. Aritomi², F. Armato ^29,30, S. Armstrong ⁵⁵, N. Arnaud ⁵⁶, M. Arogeti ⁵⁷, S. M. Aronson ¹², G. Ashton ⁵⁸, Y. Aso ^25,59, L. Asprea²⁸, M. Assiduo^60,61, S. Assis de Souza Melo⁶², S. M. Aston⁶³, P. Astone ³⁸, F. Attadio ^39,38, F. Aubin ⁶⁴, K. AultONeal ⁶⁵, G. Avallone ⁶⁶, E. A. Avila ⁴⁹, S. Babak ²⁰, C. Badger⁶⁷, S. Bae ⁶⁸, S. Bagnasco ²⁸, L. Baiotti ⁶⁹, R. Bajpai ⁷⁰, T. Baka^71,37, A. M. Baker⁶, K. A. Baker⁷², T. Baker ⁷³, G. Baldi ^74,75, N. Baldicchi ^76,51, M. Ball⁷⁷, G. Ballardin⁶², S. W. Ballmer⁷⁸, S. Banagiri ⁶, B. Banerjee ⁴⁴, D. Bankar ⁷⁹, T. M. Baptiste¹², P. Baral ¹⁰, M. Baratti ^80,81, J. C. Barayoga¹¹, B. C. Barish¹¹, D. Barker², N. Barman⁷⁹, P. Barneo ^82,83,84, F. Barone ^85,4, B. Barr ⁸⁶, L. Barsotti ³⁵, M. Barsuglia ²⁰, D. Barta ⁸⁷, A. M. Bartoletti⁸⁸, M. A. Barton ⁸⁶, I. Bartos⁴⁶, A. Basalaev ^8,9, R. Bassiri ⁸⁹, A. Basti ^81,80, M. Bawaj ^76,51, P. Baxi⁹⁰, J. C. Bayley ⁸⁶, A. C. Baylor ¹⁰, P. A. Baynard, II⁵⁷, M. Bazzan^91,92, V. M. Bedakihale⁹³, F. Beirnaert ⁹⁴, M. Bejger ⁹⁵, D. Belardinelli ²², A. S. Bell ⁸⁶, D. S. Bellie⁹⁶, L. Bellizzi ^80,81, W. Benoit ¹⁸, I. Bentara ⁵⁶, J. D. Bentley ⁹⁷, M. Ben Yaala⁵⁵, S. Bera ^98,99, F. Bergamin ³³, B. K. Berger ⁸⁹, S. Bernuzzi ²⁷, M. Beroiz ¹¹, D. Bersanetti ²⁹, T. Bertheas¹⁰⁰, A. Bertolini^37,36, J. Betzwieser ⁶³, D. Beveridge ⁷², G. Bevilacqua ¹⁰¹, N. Bevins ¹⁰², R. Bhandare¹⁰³, R. Bhatt¹¹, D. Bhattacharjee ^104,105, S. Bhattacharyya¹⁰⁶, S. Bhaumik ⁴⁶, V. Biancalana ¹⁰¹, A. Bianchi^37,107, I. A. Bilenko¹⁰⁸, G. Billingsley ¹¹, A. Binetti ¹⁰⁹, S. Bini ^11,74,75, C. Binu¹¹⁰, S. Biot¹¹¹, O. Birnholtz ¹¹², S. Biscoveanu ⁹⁶, A. Bisht⁹, M. Bitossi ^62,80, M.-A. Bizouard ¹¹³, S. Blaber¹¹⁴, J. K. Blackburn ¹¹, L. A. Blagg⁷⁷, C. D. Blair^72,63, D. G. Blair⁷², S. Blasi ^115,323, N. Bode ^8,9, N. Boettner⁹⁷, G. Boileau ¹¹³, M. Boldrini ³⁸, G. N. Bolingbroke ¹¹⁶, A. Bolliand^117,40, L. D. Bonavena ⁴⁶, R. Bondarescu ⁸², F. Bondu ¹¹⁸, E. Bonilla ⁸⁹, M. S. Bonilla ⁵⁴, A. Bonino¹¹⁹, R. Bonnand ^31,117, A. Borchers^8,9, S. Borhanian⁷, V. Boschi ⁸⁰, S. Bose¹²⁰, V. Bossilkov⁶³, Y. Bothra ^37,107, A. Boudon⁵⁶, L. Bourg⁵⁷, T. D. Boybeyi ¹⁸, M. Boyle¹²¹, A. Bozzi⁶², C. Bradaschia⁸⁰, P. R. Brady ¹⁰, A. Branch⁶³, M. Branchesi ^44,45, I. Braun¹⁰⁴, T. Briant ¹²², A. Brillet^113,†, M. Brinkmann^8,9, P. Brockill¹⁰, E. Brockmueller ^8,9, A. F. Brooks ¹¹, B. C. Brown⁴⁶, D. D. Brown¹¹⁶, M. L. Brozzetti ^76,51, S. Brunett¹¹, G. Bruno¹⁵, R. Bruntz ¹²³, J. Bryant¹¹⁹, Y. Bu¹²⁴, F. Bucci ⁶¹, J. Buchanan¹²³, O. Bulashenko ^82,83, T. Bulik¹²⁵, H. J. Bulten³⁷, A. Buonanno ^126,1, K. Burtnyk², R. Buscicchio ^127,128, D. Buskulic³¹, C. Buy ¹⁰⁰, R. L. Byer⁸⁹, G. S. Cabourn Davies⁷³, R. Cabrita ¹⁵, V. Cáceres-Barbosa ⁷, L. Cadonati ⁵⁷, G. Cagnoli ¹²⁹, C. Cahillane ⁷⁸, A. Calafat⁹⁸, T. A. Callister¹³⁰, E. Calloni^32,4, S. R. Callos ^77,29, G. Caneva Santoro⁴³, K. C. Cannon ⁴², H. Cao³⁵, L. A. Capistran¹³¹, E. Capocasa ²⁰, E. Capote ^2,11, G. Capurri ^81,80, G. Carapella^66,132, F. Carbognani⁶², M. Carlassara^8,9, J. B. Carlin ¹²⁴, T. K. Carlson¹³³, M. F. Carney¹⁰⁴, M. Carpinelli ^127,62, G. Carrillo⁷⁷, J. J. Carter ^8,9, G. Carullo ^119,134, A. Casallas-Lagos¹³⁵, J. Casanueva Diaz⁶², C. Casentini ^136,22, S. Y. Castro-Lucas¹³⁷, S. Caudill¹³³, M. Cavaglià ¹⁰⁵, R. Cavalieri ⁶², A. Ceja⁵⁴, G. Cella ⁸⁰, P. Cerdá-Durán ^138,139, E. Cesarini ²², N. Chabbra³⁴, W. Chaibi¹¹³, A. Chakraborty ¹³, P. Chakraborty ^8,9, S. Chakraborty¹⁰³, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya⁹⁷, J. C. L. Chan ¹⁴⁰, M. Chan¹¹⁴, K. Chang¹⁴¹, S. Chao ^142,141, P. Charlton ¹⁴³, E. Chassande-Mottin ²⁰, C. Chatterjee ¹⁴⁴, Debarati Chatterjee ⁷⁹, Deep Chatterjee ³⁵, M. Chaturvedi¹⁰³, S. Chaty ²⁰, A. Chen ¹⁴⁵, A. H.-Y. Chen¹⁴⁶, D. Chen ¹⁴⁷, H. Chen¹⁴², H. Y. Chen ¹⁴⁸, S. Chen¹⁴⁴, Yanbei Chen¹⁴⁹, Yitian Chen ¹²¹, H. P. Cheng¹⁵⁰, P. Chessa ^76,51, H. T. Cheung ⁹⁰, S. Y. Cheung⁶, F. Chiadini ^151,132, G. Chiarini^8,9,92, A. Chiba¹⁵², A. Chincarini ²⁹, M. L. Chiofalo ^81,80, A. Chiummo ^4,62, C. Chou¹⁴⁶, S. Choudhary ⁷², N. Christensen ^113,153, S. S. Y. Chua ³⁴, G. Ciani ^74,75, P. Ciecielag ⁹⁵, M. Cieślar ¹²⁵, M. Cifaldi ²², B. Cirok¹⁵⁴, F. Clara², J. A. Clark ^11,57, T. A. Clarke ⁶, P. Clearwater¹⁵⁵, S. Clesse¹¹¹, F. Cleva^113,117, E. Coccia^44,45,43, E. Codazzo ^156,157, P.-F. Cohadon ¹²², S. Colace ³⁰, E. Colangeli⁷³, M. Colleoni ⁹⁸, C. G. Collette¹⁵⁸, J. Collins⁶³, S. Colloms ⁸⁶, A. Colombo ^159,128, C. M. Compton², G. Connolly⁷⁷, L. Conti ⁹², T. R. Corbitt ¹², I. Cordero-Carrión ¹⁶⁰, S. Corezzi ^76,51, N. J. Cornish ¹⁶¹, I. Coronado¹⁶², A. Corsi ¹⁶³, R. Cottingham⁶³, M. W. Coughlin ¹⁸, A. Couineaux³⁸, P. Couvares ^11,57, D. M. Coward⁷², R. Coyne ¹⁶⁴, A. Cozzumbo⁴⁴, J. D. E. Creighton ¹⁰, T. D. Creighton¹⁶⁵, P. Cremonese ⁹⁸, S. Crook⁶³, R. Crouch², J. Csizmazia², J. R. Cudell ¹⁶⁶, T. J. Cullen ¹¹, A. Cumming ⁸⁶, E. Cuoco ^167,168, M. Cusinato ¹³⁸, L. V. Da Conceição¹⁶⁹, T. Dal Canton⁴¹, S. Dal Pra¹⁷⁰, G. Dálya ¹⁰⁰, B. D’Angelo ²⁹, S. Danilishin ^36,37, S. D’Antonio ³⁸, K. Danzmann^9,8, K. E. Darroch¹²³, L. P. Dartez ⁶³, R. Das¹⁰⁶, A. Dasgupta⁹³, V. Dattilo ⁶², A. Daumas²⁰, N. Davari^171,172, I. Dave¹⁰³, A. Davenport¹³⁷, M. Davier⁴¹, T. F. Davies⁷², D. Davis ¹¹, L. Davis⁷², M. C. Davis ¹⁸, P. Davis ^173,174, E. J. Daw ¹⁷⁵, M. Dax ¹, J. De Bolle ⁹⁴, M. Deenadayalan⁷⁹, J. Degallaix ¹⁷⁶, M. De Laurentis ^32,4, F. De Lillo ²³, S. Della Torre ¹²⁸, W. Del Pozzo ^81,80, A. Demagny³¹, F. De Marco ^39,38, G. Demasi^177,61, F. De Matteis ^21,22, N. Demos³⁵, T. Dent ¹⁷⁸, A. Depasse ¹⁵, N. DePergola¹⁰², R. De Pietri ^179,180, R. De Rosa ^32,4, C. De Rossi ⁶², M. Desai ³⁵, R. DeSalvo ¹⁸¹, A. DeSimone¹⁸², R. De Simone^151,132, A. Dhani ¹, R. Diab⁴⁶, M. C. Díaz ¹⁶⁵, M. Di Cesare ^32,4, G. Dideron¹⁸³, T. Dietrich ¹, L. Di Fiore⁴, C. Di Fronzo ⁷², M. Di Giovanni ^39,38, T. Di Girolamo ^32,4, D. Diksha^37,36, J. Ding ^20,184, S. Di Pace ^39,38, I. Di Palma ^39,38, D. Di Piero^185,48, F. Di Renzo ⁵⁶, Divyajyoti³³, A. Dmitriev ¹¹⁹, J. P. Docherty⁸⁶, Z. Doctor ⁹⁶, N. Doerksen ¹⁶⁹, E. Dohmen², A. Doke¹³³, A. Domiciano De Souza¹⁸⁶, L. D’Onofrio ³⁸, F. Donovan³⁵, K. L. Dooley ³³, T. Dooney⁷¹, S. Doravari ⁷⁹, O. Dorosh¹⁸⁷, W. J. D. Doyle¹²³, M. Drago ^39,38, J. C. Driggers ², L. Dunn ¹²⁴, U. Dupletsa⁴⁴, P.-A. Duverne ²⁰, D. D’Urso ^171,156, P. Dutta Roy⁴⁶, H. Duval ¹¹⁵, S. E. Dwyer², C. Eassa², M. Ebersold ^188,31, T. Eckhardt ⁹⁷, G. Eddolls ⁷⁸, A. Effler ⁶³, J. Eichholz ³⁴, H. Einsle¹¹³, M. Eisenmann²⁵, M. Emma ⁵⁸, K. Endo¹⁵², R. Enficiaud ¹, L. Errico ^32,4, R. Espinosa¹⁶⁵, M. Esposito ^4,32, R. C. Essick ¹⁸⁹, H. Estellés ¹, T. Etzel¹¹, M. Evans ³⁵, T. Evstafyeva¹⁸³, B. E. Ewing⁷, J. M. Ezquiaga ¹⁴⁰, F. Fabrizi ^60,61, V. Fafone ^21,22, S. Fairhurst ³³, A. M. Farah ¹³⁰, B. Farr ⁷⁷, W. M. Farr ^190,191, G. Favaro ⁹¹, M. Favata ¹⁹², M. Fays ¹⁶⁶, M. Fazio ⁵⁵, J. Feicht¹¹, M. M. Fejer⁸⁹, R. Felicetti ^185,48, E. Fenyvesi ^87,193, J. Fernandes¹⁹⁴, T. Fernandes ^195,138, D. Fernando¹¹⁰, S. Ferraiuolo ^196,39,38, T. A. Ferreira¹², F. Fidecaro ^81,80, P. Figura ⁹⁵, A. Fiori ^80,81, I. Fiori ⁶², M. Fishbach ¹⁸⁹, R. P. Fisher¹²³, R. Fittipaldi ^197,132, V. Fiumara ^198,132, R. Flaminio³¹, S. M. Fleischer ¹⁹⁹, L. S. Fleming²⁰⁰, E. Floden¹⁸, H. Fong¹¹⁴, J. A. Font ^138,139, F. Fontinele-Nunes¹⁸, C. Foo¹, B. Fornal ²⁰¹, K. Franceschetti¹⁷⁹, F. Frappez³¹, S. Frasca^39,38, F. Frasconi ⁸⁰, J. P. Freed⁶⁵, Z. Frei ²⁰², A. Freise ^37,107, O. Freitas ^195,138, R. Frey ⁷⁷, W. Frischhertz⁶³, P. Fritschel³⁵, V. V. Frolov⁶³, G. G. Fronzé ²⁸, M. Fuentes-Garcia ¹¹, S. Fujii²⁰³, T. Fujimori²⁰⁴, T. Fujita ²⁰⁵, P. Fulda⁴⁶, M. Fyffe⁶³, B. Gadre ⁷¹, J. R. Gair ¹, S. Galaudage ¹⁸⁶, V. Galdi²⁰⁶, R. Gamba⁷, A. Gamboa ¹, S. Gamoji¹⁸¹, D. Ganapathy ²⁰⁷, A. Ganguly ⁷⁹, B. Garaventa ²⁹, J. García-Bellido²⁰⁸, C. García-Quirós ¹⁸⁸, J. W. Gardner ³⁴, K. A. Gardner¹¹⁴, S. Garg⁴², J. Gargiulo ⁶², X. Garrido ⁴¹, A. Garron ⁹⁸, F. Garufi ^32,4, P. A. Garver⁸⁹, C. Gasbarra ^21,22, B. Gateley², F. Gautier ²⁰⁹, V. Gayathri ¹⁰, T. Gayer⁷⁸, G. Gemme ²⁹, A. Gennai ⁸⁰, V. Gennari ¹⁰⁰, J. George¹⁰³, R. George ¹⁴⁸, O. Gerberding ⁹⁷, L. Gergely ¹⁵⁴, Archisman Ghosh ⁹⁴, Sayantan Ghosh¹⁹⁴, Shaon Ghosh ¹⁹², Shrobana Ghosh^8,9, Suprovo Ghosh ²¹⁰, Tathagata Ghosh ⁷⁹, J. A. Giaime ^12,63, K. D. Giardina⁶³, D. R. Gibson²⁰⁰, C. Gier ⁵⁵, S. Gkaitatzis ^81,80, J. Glanzer ¹¹, F. Glotin ⁴¹, J. Godfrey⁷⁷, R. V. Godley^8,9, O. Godwin ¹¹, A. S. Goettel ³³, E. Goetz ¹¹⁴, J. Golomb¹¹, S. Gomez Lopez^39,38, B. Goncharov ⁴⁴, G. González ¹², P. Goodarzi ²¹¹, S. Goode⁶, A. W. Goodwin-Jones ¹⁵, M. Gosselin⁶², R. Gouaty ³¹, D. W. Gould³⁴, K. Govorkova³⁵, A. Grado ^76,51, V. Graham ⁸⁶, A. E. Granados ¹⁸, M. Granata ¹⁷⁶, V. Granata ^212,132, S. Gras³⁵, P. Grassia¹¹, J. Graves⁵⁷, C. Gray², R. Gray ⁸⁶, G. Greco⁵¹, A. C. Green ^37,107, L. Green²¹³, S. M. Green⁷³, S. R. Green ²¹⁴, C. Greenberg¹³³, A. M. Gretarsson⁶⁵, H. K. Griffin¹⁸, D. Griffith¹¹, H. L. Griggs ⁵⁷, G. Grignani^76,51, C. Grimaud ³¹, H. Grote ³³, S. Grunewald ¹, D. Guerra ¹³⁸, D. Guetta ²¹⁵, G. M. Guidi ^60,61, A. R. Guimaraes¹², H. K. Gulati⁹³, F. Gulminelli ^173,174, H. Guo ¹⁴⁵, W. Guo ⁷², Y. Guo ^37,36, Anuradha Gupta ²¹⁶, I. Gupta ⁷, N. C. Gupta⁹³, S. K. Gupta⁴⁶, V. Gupta ¹⁸, N. Gupte¹, J. Gurs⁹⁷, N. Gutierrez¹⁷⁶, N. Guttman⁶, F. Guzman ¹³¹, D. Haba²¹⁷, M. Haberland ¹, S. Haino²¹⁸, E. D. Hall ³⁵, E. Z. Hamilton ⁹⁸, G. Hammond ⁸⁶, M. Haney³⁷, J. Hanks², C. Hanna ⁷, M. D. Hannam³³, O. A. Hannuksela ²¹⁹, A. G. Hanselman ¹³⁰, H. Hansen², J. Hanson⁶³, S. Hanumasagar⁵⁷, R. Harada⁴², A. R. Hardison¹⁸², S. Harikumar ¹⁸⁷, K. Haris^37,71, I. Harley-Trochimczyk¹³¹, T. Harmark ¹³⁴, J. Harms ^44,45, G. M. Harry ²²⁰, I. W. Harry ⁷³, J. Hart¹⁰⁴, B. Haskell^95,221,222, C. J. Haster²¹³, K. Haughian ⁸⁶, H. Hayakawa⁵⁰, K. Hayama²²³, M. C. Heintze⁶³, J. Heinze ¹¹⁹, J. Heinzel³⁵, H. Heitmann ¹¹³, F. Hellman ²⁰⁷, A. F. Helmling-Cornell ⁷⁷, G. Hemming ⁶², O. Henderson-Sapir ¹¹⁶, M. Hendry ⁸⁶, I. S. Heng⁸⁶, M. H. Hennig ⁸⁶, C. Henshaw ⁵⁷, M. Heurs ^8,9, A. L. Hewitt ^224,225, J. Heynen¹⁵, J. Heyns³⁵, S. Higginbotham³³, S. Hild^36,37, S. Hill⁸⁶, Y. Himemoto ²²⁶, N. Hirata²²⁷, C. Hirose²²⁸, D. Hofman¹⁷⁶, B. E. Hogan⁶⁵, N. A. Holland^37,107, K. Holley-Bockelmann¹⁴⁴, I. J. Hollows ¹⁷⁵, D. E. Holz ¹³⁰, L. Honet¹¹¹, D. J. Horton-Bailey²⁰⁷, J. Hough ⁸⁶, S. Hourihane ¹¹, N. T. Howard¹⁴⁴, E. J. Howell ⁷², C. G. Hoy ⁷³, C. A. Hrishikesh²¹, P. Hsi³⁵, H.-F. Hsieh ¹⁴², H.-Y. Hsieh¹⁴², C. Hsiung²²⁹, S.-H. Hsu¹⁴⁶, W.-F. Hsu ¹⁰⁹, Q. Hu ⁸⁶, H. Y. Huang ¹⁴¹, Y. Huang ⁷, Y. T. Huang⁷⁸, A. D. Huddart²³⁰, B. Hughey⁶⁵, V. Hui ³¹, S. Husa ⁹⁸, R. Huxford⁷, L. Iampieri ^39,38, G. A. Iandolo ³⁶, M. Ianni^22,21, G. Iannone ¹³², J. Iascau⁷⁷, K. Ide²³¹, R. Iden²¹⁷, A. Ierardi^44,45, S. Ikeda¹⁴⁷, H. Imafuku⁴², Y. Inoue¹⁴¹, G. Iorio ⁹¹, P. Iosif ^185,48, M. H. Iqbal³⁴, J. Irwin ⁸⁶, R. Ishikawa²³¹, M. Isi ^190,191, K. S. Isleif ²³², Y. Itoh ^204,233, M. Iwaya²⁰³, B. R. Iyer ²⁴, C. Jacquet¹⁰⁰, P.-E. Jacquet ¹²², T. Jacquot⁴¹, S. J. Jadhav²³⁴, S. P. Jadhav ¹⁵⁵, M. Jain¹³³, T. Jain²²⁴, A. L. James ¹¹, K. Jani ¹⁴⁴, J. Janquart ¹⁵, N. N. Janthalur²³⁴, S. Jaraba ²³⁵, P. Jaranowski ²³⁶, R. Jaume ⁹⁸, W. Javed³³, A. Jennings², M. Jensen², W. Jia³⁵, J. Jiang ¹⁵⁰, H.-B. Jin ^237,238, G. R. Johns¹²³, N. A. Johnson⁴⁶, M. C. Johnston ²¹³, R. Johnston⁸⁶, N. Johny^8,9, D. H. Jones ³⁴, D. I. Jones²¹⁰, R. Jones⁸⁶, H. E. Jose⁷⁷, P. Joshi ⁷, S. K. Joshi⁷⁹, G. Joubert⁵⁶, J. Ju²³⁹, L. Ju ⁷², K. Jung ²⁴⁰, J. Junker ³⁴, V. Juste¹¹¹, H. B. Kabagoz ^63,35, T. Kajita ²⁴¹, I. Kaku²⁰⁴, V. Kalogera ⁹⁶, M. Kalomenopoulos ²¹³, M. Kamiizumi ⁵⁰, N. Kanda ^233,204, S. Kandhasamy ⁷⁹, G. Kang ²⁴², N. C. Kannachel⁶, J. B. Kanner¹¹, S. A. KantiMahanty¹⁸, S. J. Kapadia ⁷⁹, D. P. Kapasi ⁵⁴, M. Karthikeyan¹³³, M. Kasprzack ¹¹, H. Kato¹⁵², T. Kato²⁰³, E. Katsavounidis³⁵, W. Katzman⁶³, R. Kaushik ¹⁰³, K. Kawabe², R. Kawamoto²⁰⁴, D. Keitel ⁹⁸, L. J. Kemperman ¹¹⁶, J. Kennington ⁷, F. A. Kerkow¹⁸, R. Kesharwani ⁷⁹, J. S. Key ²⁴³, R. Khadela^8,9, S. Khadka⁸⁹, S. S. Khadkikar⁷, F. Y. Khalili ¹⁰⁸, F. Khan ^8,9, T. Khanam¹⁶³, M. Khursheed¹⁰³, N. M. Khusid ^190,191, W. Kiendrebeogo ^113,244, N. Kijbunchoo ¹¹⁶, C. Kim²⁴⁵, J. C. Kim²⁴⁶, K. Kim ²⁴⁷, M. H. Kim ²³⁹, S. Kim ²⁴⁸, Y.-M. Kim ²⁴⁷, C. Kimball ⁹⁶, K. Kimes⁵⁴, M. Kinnear³³, J. S. Kissel ², S. Klimenko⁴⁶, A. M. Knee ¹¹⁴, E. J. Knox⁷⁷, N. Knust ^8,9, K. Kobayashi²⁰³, S. M. Koehlenbeck ⁸⁹, G. Koekoek^37,36, K. Kohri ^249,250, K. Kokeyama ^33,251, S. Koley ^44,166, P. Kolitsidou ¹¹⁹, A. E. Koloniari ²⁵², K. Komori ⁴², A. K. H. Kong ¹⁴², A. Kontos ²⁵³, L. M. Koponen¹¹⁹, M. Korobko ⁹⁷, X. Kou¹⁸, A. Koushik ²³, N. Kouvatsos ⁶⁷, M. Kovalam⁷², T. Koyama¹⁵², D. B. Kozak¹¹, S. L. Kranzhoff^36,37, V. Kringel^8,9, N. V. Krishnendu ¹¹⁹, S. Kroker²⁵⁴, A. Królak ^255,187, K. Kruska^8,9, J. Kubisz ²⁵⁶, G. Kuehn^8,9, S. Kulkarni ²¹⁶, A. Kulur Ramamohan³⁴, Achal Kumar⁴⁶, Anil Kumar²³⁴, Praveen Kumar ¹⁷⁸, Prayush Kumar ²⁴, Rahul Kumar², Rakesh Kumar⁹³, J. Kume ^257,258,42, K. Kuns ³⁵, N. Kuntimaddi³³, S. Kuroyanagi ^208,259, S. Kuwahara ⁴², K. Kwak ²⁴⁰, K. Kwan³⁴, S. Kwon ⁴², G. Lacaille⁸⁶, D. Laghi ^188,100, A. H. Laity¹⁶⁴, E. Lalande²⁶⁰, M. Lalleman ²³, P. C. Lalremruati²⁶¹, M. Landry², B. B. Lane³⁵, R. N. Lang ³⁵, J. Lange¹⁴⁸, R. Langgin ²¹³, B. Lantz ⁸⁹, I. La Rosa ⁹⁸, J. Larsen¹⁹⁹, A. Lartaux-Vollard ⁴¹, P. D. Lasky ⁶, J. Lawrence ¹⁶⁵, M. Laxen ⁶³, C. Lazarte ¹³⁸, A. Lazzarini ¹¹, C. Lazzaro^157,156, P. Leaci ^39,38, L. Leali¹⁸, Y. K. Lecoeuche ¹¹⁴, H. M. Lee ²⁶², H. W. Lee ²⁶³, J. Lee⁷⁸, K. Lee ²³⁹, R.-K. Lee ¹⁴², R. Lee³⁵, Sungho Lee ²⁴⁷, Sunjae Lee²³⁹, Y. Lee¹⁴¹, I. N. Legred¹¹, J. Lehmann^8,9, L. Lehner¹⁸³, M. Le Jean ^176,117, A. Lemaître²⁶⁴, M. Lenti ^61,177, M. Leonardi ^74,75,265, M. Lequime⁴⁰, N. Leroy ⁴¹, M. Lesovsky¹¹, N. Letendre³¹, M. Lethuillier ⁵⁶, Y. Levin⁶, K. Leyde⁷³, A. K. Y. Li¹¹, K. L. Li ²⁶⁶, T. G. F. Li¹⁰⁹, X. Li ¹⁴⁹, Y. Li⁹⁶, Z. Li⁸⁶, A. Lihos¹²³, E. T. Lin ¹⁴², F. Lin¹⁴¹, L. C.-C. Lin ²⁶⁶, Y.-C. Lin ¹⁴², C. Lindsay²⁰⁰, S. D. Linker¹⁸¹, A. Liu ²¹⁹, G. C. Liu ²²⁹, Jian Liu ⁷², F. Llamas Villarreal¹⁶⁵, J. Llobera-Querol ⁹⁸, R. K. L. Lo ¹⁴⁰, J.-P. Locquet¹⁰⁹, S. C. G. Loggins²⁶⁷, M. R. Loizou¹³³, L. T. London⁶⁷, A. Longo ^60,61, D. Lopez ¹⁶⁶, M. Lopez Portilla⁷¹, A. Lorenzo-Medina ¹⁷⁸, V. Loriette⁴¹, M. Lormand⁶³, G. Losurdo ^268,80, E. Lotti¹³³, T. P. Lott, IV⁵⁷, J. D. Lough ^8,9, H. A. Loughlin³⁵, C. O. Lousto ¹¹⁰, N. Low¹²⁴, N. Lu ³⁴, L. Lucchesi ⁸⁰, H. Lück^9,8, D. Lumaca ²², A. P. Lundgren ^269,270, A. W. Lussier ²⁶⁰, R. Macas ⁷³, M. MacInnis³⁵, D. M. Macleod ³³, I. A. O. MacMillan ¹¹, A. Macquet ⁴¹, K. Maeda¹⁵², S. Maenaut ¹⁰⁹, S. S. Magare⁷⁹, R. M. Magee ¹¹, E. Maggio ¹, R. Maggiore^37,107, M. Magnozzi ^29,30, M. Mahesh⁹⁷, M. Maini¹⁶⁴, S. Majhi⁷⁹, E. Majorana^39,38, C. N. Makarem¹¹, D. Malakar ¹⁰⁵, J. A. Malaquias-Reis¹⁹, U. Mali ¹⁸⁹, S. Maliakal¹¹, A. Malik¹⁰³, L. Mallick ^169,189, A.-K. Malz ⁵⁸, N. Man¹¹³, M. Mancarella ⁹⁹, V. Mandic ¹⁸, V. Mangano ^171,156, B. Mannix⁷⁷, G. L. Mansell ⁷⁸, M. Manske ¹⁰, M. Mantovani ⁶², M. Mapelli ^91,92,271, C. Marinelli ¹⁰¹, F. Marion ³¹, A. Mariotti ¹¹⁵, A. S. Markosyan⁸⁹, A. Markowitz¹¹, E. Maros¹¹, S. Marsat ¹⁰⁰, F. Martelli ^60,61, I. W. Martin ⁸⁶, R. M. Martin ¹⁹², B. B. Martinez¹³¹, D. A. Martinez⁵⁴, M. Martinez^43,272, V. Martinez ¹²⁹, A. Martini^74,75, J. C. Martins ¹⁹, D. V. Martynov¹¹⁹, E. J. Marx³⁵, L. Massaro^36,37, A. Masserot³¹, M. Masso-Reid ⁸⁶, S. Mastrogiovanni ³⁸, T. Matcovich ⁵¹, M. Matiushechkina ^8,9, L. Maurin²⁰⁹, N. Mavalvala ³⁵, N. Maxwell², G. McCarrol⁶³, R. McCarthy², D. E. McClelland ³⁴, S. McCormick⁶³, L. McCuller ¹¹, S. McEachin¹²³, C. McElhenny¹²³, G. I. McGhee ⁸⁶, J. McGinn⁸⁶, K. B. M. McGowan¹⁴⁴, J. McIver ¹¹⁴, A. McLeod ⁷², I. McMahon ¹⁸⁸, T. McRae³⁴, R. McTeague ⁸⁶, D. Meacher ¹⁰, B. N. Meagher⁷⁸, R. Mechum¹¹⁰, Q. Meijer⁷¹, A. Melatos¹²⁴, C. S. Menoni ¹³⁷, F. Mera², R. A. Mercer ¹⁰, L. Mereni¹⁷⁶, K. Merfeld¹⁶³, E. L. Merilh⁶³, J. R. Mérou ⁹⁸, J. D. Merritt⁷⁷, M. Merzougui¹¹³, C. Messick ¹⁰, B. Mestichelli⁴⁴, M. Meyer-Conde ²⁷³, F. Meylahn ^8,9, A. Mhaske⁷⁹, A. Miani ^74,75, H. Miao²⁷⁴, C. Michel ¹⁷⁶, Y. Michimura ⁴², H. Middleton ¹¹⁹, D. P. Mihaylov ¹⁰⁴, S. J. Miller ¹¹, M. Millhouse ⁵⁷, E. Milotti ^185,48, V. Milotti ⁹¹, Y. Minenkov²², E. M. Minihan⁶⁵, Ll. M. Mir ⁴³, L. Mirasola ^156,157, M. Miravet-Tenés ¹³⁸, C.-A. Miritescu ⁴³, A. Mishra²⁴, C. Mishra ¹⁰⁶, T. Mishra ⁴⁶, A. L. Mitchell^37,107, J. G. Mitchell⁶⁵, S. Mitra ⁷⁹, V. P. Mitrofanov ¹⁰⁸, K. Mitsuhashi²⁵, R. Mittleman³⁵, O. Miyakawa ⁵⁰, S. Miyoki ⁵⁰, A. Miyoko⁶⁵, G. Mo ³⁵, L. Mobilia ^60,61, S. R. P. Mohapatra¹¹, S. R. Mohite ⁷, M. Molina-Ruiz ²⁰⁷, M. Mondin¹⁸¹, M. Montani^60,61, C. J. Moore²²⁴, D. Moraru², A. More ⁷⁹, S. More ⁷⁹, C. Moreno ¹³⁵, E. A. Moreno ³⁵, G. Moreno², A. Moreso Serra⁸², S. Morisaki ^42,203, Y. Moriwaki ¹⁵², G. Morras ²⁰⁸, A. Moscatello ⁹¹, M. Mould ³⁵, B. Mours ⁶⁴, C. M. Mow-Lowry ^37,107, L. Muccillo ^177,61, F. Muciaccia ^39,38, D. Mukherjee ¹¹⁹, Samanwaya Mukherjee²⁴, Soma Mukherjee¹⁶⁵, Subroto Mukherjee⁹³, Suvodip Mukherjee ¹³, N. Mukund ³⁵, A. Mullavey⁶³, H. Mullock¹¹⁴, J. Mundi²²⁰, C. L. Mungioli⁷², M. Murakoshi²³¹, P. G. Murray ⁸⁶, D. Nabari ^74,75, S. L. Nadji^8,9, A. Nagar^28,275, N. Nagarajan ⁸⁶, K. Nakagaki⁵⁰, K. Nakamura ²⁵, H. Nakano ²⁷⁶, M. Nakano¹¹, D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze ⁴³, D. Nandi¹², V. Napolano⁶², P. Narayan ²¹⁶, I. Nardecchia ²², T. Narikawa²⁰³, H. Narola⁷¹, L. Naticchioni ³⁸, R. K. Nayak ²⁶¹, L. Negri⁷¹, A. Nela⁸⁶, C. Nelle⁷⁷, A. Nelson ¹³¹, T. J. N. Nelson⁶³, M. Nery^8,9, A. Neunzert ², S. Ng⁵⁴, L. Nguyen Quynh²⁷⁷, S. A. Nichols¹², A. B. Nielsen ²⁷⁸, Y. Nishino^25,42, A. Nishizawa ²⁷⁹, S. Nissanke^280,37, W. Niu ⁷, F. Nocera⁶², J. Noller²⁸¹, M. Norman³³, C. North³³, J. Novak ^117,235,282, R. Nowicki ¹⁴⁴, J. F. Nuño Siles²⁰⁸, L. K. Nuttall ⁷³, K. Obayashi²³¹, J. Oberling ², J. O’Dell²³⁰, E. Oelker ³⁵, M. Oertel ^{235,117,283,282}, G. Oganesyan^44,45, T. O’Hanlon⁶³, M. Ohashi ⁵⁰, F. Ohme ^8,9, R. Oliveri ^117,283,282, R. Omer¹⁸, B. O’Neal¹²³, M. Onishi¹⁵², K. Oohara ²⁸⁴, B. O’Reilly ⁶³, M. Orselli ^51,76, R. O’Shaughnessy ¹¹⁰, S. O’Shea⁸⁶, S. Oshino ⁵⁰, C. Osthelder¹¹, I. Ota ¹², D. J. Ottaway ¹¹⁶, A. Ouzriat⁵⁶, H. Overmier⁶³, B. J. Owen ²⁸⁵, R. Ozaki²³¹, A. E. Pace ⁷, R. Pagano ¹², M. A. Page ²⁵, A. Pai ¹⁹⁴, L. Paiella⁴⁴, A. Pal²⁸⁶, S. Pal ²⁶¹, M. A. Palaia ^80,81, M. Pálfi²⁰², P. P. Palma^39,21,22, C. Palomba ³⁸, P. Palud ²⁰, H. Pan¹⁴², J. Pan⁷², K. C. Pan ¹⁴², P. K. Panda²³⁴, Shiksha Pandey⁷, Swadha Pandey³⁵, P. T. H. Pang^37,71, F. Pannarale ^39,38, K. A. Pannone⁵⁴, B. C. Pant¹⁰³, F. H. Panther⁷², M. Panzeri^60,61, F. Paoletti ⁸⁰, A. Paolone ^38,287, A. Papadopoulos ⁸⁶, E. E. Papalexakis²¹¹, L. Papalini ^80,81, G. Papigkiotis ²⁵², A. Paquis⁴¹, A. Parisi ^76,51, B.-J. Park²⁴⁷, J. Park ²⁸⁸, W. Parker ⁶³, G. Pascale^8,9, D. Pascucci ⁹⁴, A. Pasqualetti ⁶², R. Passaquieti ^81,80, L. Passenger⁶, D. Passuello⁸⁰, O. Patane ², A. V. Patel ¹⁴¹, D. Pathak⁷⁹, A. Patra³³, B. Patricelli ^81,80, B. G. Patterson³³, K. Paul ¹⁰⁶, S. Paul ⁷⁷, E. Payne ¹¹, T. Pearce³³, M. Pedraza¹¹, A. Pele ¹¹, F. E. Peña Arellano²⁸⁹, X. Peng¹¹⁹, Y. Peng⁵⁷, S. Penn ²⁹⁰, M. D. Penuliar⁵⁴, A. Perego ^74,75, Z. Pereira¹³³, C. Périgois ^291,92,91, G. Perna ⁹¹, A. Perreca ^74,75,44, J. Perret ²⁰, S. Perriès ⁵⁶, J. W. Perry^37,107, D. Pesios²⁵², S. Peters¹⁶⁶, S. Petracca²⁰⁶, C. Petrillo⁷⁶, H. P. Pfeiffer ¹, H. Pham⁶³, K. A. Pham ¹⁸, K. S. Phukon ¹¹⁹, H. Phurailatpam²¹⁹, M. Piarulli¹⁰⁰, L. Piccari ^39,38, O. J. Piccinni ³⁴, M. Pichot ¹¹³, M. Piendibene ^81,80, F. Piergiovanni ^60,61, L. Pierini ³⁸, G. Pierra ³⁸, V. Pierro ^292,132, M. Pietrzak⁹⁵, M. Pillas ¹⁶⁶, F. Pilo ⁸⁰, L. Pinard ¹⁷⁶, I. M. Pinto ^{292,132,293,32}, M. Pinto ⁶², B. J. Piotrzkowski ¹⁰, M. Pirello², M. D. Pitkin ^224,86, A. Placidi ⁵¹, E. Placidi ^39,38, M. L. Planas ⁹⁸, W. Plastino ^212,22, C. Plunkett ³⁵, R. Poggiani ^81,80, E. Polini³⁵, J. Pomper^80,81, L. Pompili ¹, J. Poon²¹⁹, E. Porcelli³⁷, E. K. Porter²⁰, C. Posnansky ⁷, R. Poulton ⁶², J. Powell ¹⁵⁵, G. S. Prabhu⁷⁹, M. Pracchia ¹⁶⁶, B. K. Pradhan ⁷⁹, T. Pradier ⁶⁴, A. K. Prajapati⁹³, K. Prasai ²⁹⁴, R. Prasanna²³⁴, P. Prasia⁷⁹, G. Pratten ¹¹⁹, G. Principe ^185,48, G. A. Prodi ^74,75, P. Prosperi⁸⁰, P. Prosposito^21,22, A. C. Providence⁶⁵, A. Puecher ¹, J. Pullin ¹², P. Puppo³⁸, M. Pürrer ¹⁶⁴, H. Qi ¹⁶, J. Qin ³⁴, G. Quéméner ^174,117, V. Quetschke¹⁶⁵, P. J. Quinonez⁶⁵, N. Qutob⁵⁷, R. Rading²³², I. Rainho¹³⁸, S. Raja¹⁰³, C. Rajan¹⁰³, B. Rajbhandari ¹¹⁰, K. E. Ramirez ⁶³, F. A. Ramis Vidal⁹⁸, M. Ramos Arevalo¹⁶⁵, A. Ramos-Buades ^98,37, S. Ranjan ⁵⁷, K. Ransom⁶³, P. Rapagnani ^39,38, A. Rase ¹¹⁵, B. Ratto⁶⁵, A. Ravichandran¹³³, A. Ray ⁹⁶, V. Raymond ³³, M. Razzano ^81,80, J. Read⁵⁴, T. Regimbau³¹, S. Reid⁵⁵, C. Reissel³⁵, D. H. Reitze ¹¹, A. I. Renzini ^127,11, B. Revenu ^295,41, A. Revilla Peña⁸², R. Reyes¹⁸¹, L. Ricca ¹⁵, F. Ricci ^39,38, M. Ricci ^38,39, A. Ricciardone ^81,80, J. Rice⁷⁸, J. W. Richardson ²¹¹, M. L. Richardson¹¹⁶, A. Rijal⁶⁵, K. Riles ⁹⁰, H. K. Riley³³, S. Rinaldi ²⁷¹, J. Rittmeyer⁹⁷, C. Robertson²³⁰, F. Robinet⁴¹, M. Robinson², A. Rocchi ²², L. Rolland ³¹, J. G. Rollins ¹¹, A. E. Romano ²⁹⁶, R. Romano ^3,4, A. Romero ³¹, I. M. Romero-Shaw²²⁴, J. H. Romie⁶³, S. Ronchini ⁷, T. J. Roocke ¹¹⁶, L. Rosa^4,32, T. J. Rosauer²¹¹, C. A. Rose⁵⁷, D. Rosińska ¹²⁵, M. P. Ross ⁵³, M. Rossello-Sastre ⁹⁸, S. Rowan ⁸⁶, S. K. Roy ^190,191, S. Roy ¹⁵, D. Rozza ^127,128, P. Ruggi⁶², N. Ruhama²⁴⁰, E. Ruiz Morales^297,208, K. Ruiz-Rocha¹⁴⁴, S. Sachdev ⁵⁷, T. Sadecki², P. Saffarieh ^37,107, S. Safi-Harb ¹⁶⁹, M. R. Sah ¹³, S. Saha ¹⁴², T. Sainrat ⁶⁴, S. Sajith Menon^215,39,38, K. Sakai²⁹⁸, Y. Sakai ²⁷³, M. Sakellariadou ⁶⁷, S. Sakon ⁷, O. S. Salafia ^159,128,127, F. Salces-Carcoba ¹¹, L. Salconi⁶², M. Saleem ¹⁴⁸, F. Salemi ^39,38, M. Sallé ³⁷, S. U. Salunkhe⁷⁹, S. Salvador ^174,173, A. Salvarese¹⁴⁸, A. Samajdar ^71,37, A. Sanchez², E. J. Sanchez¹¹, L. E. Sanchez¹¹, N. Sanchis-Gual ¹³⁸, J. R. Sanders¹⁸², E. M. Sänger ¹, F. Santoliquido ^44,45, F. Sarandrea²⁸, T. R. Saravanan⁷⁹, N. Sarin⁶, P. Sarkar^8,9, A. Sasli ²⁵², P. Sassi ^51,76, B. Sassolas ¹⁷⁶, B. S. Sathyaprakash ^7,33, R. Sato²²⁸, S. Sato¹⁵², Yukino Sato¹⁵², Yu Sato¹⁵², O. Sauter ⁴⁶, R. L. Savage ², T. Sawada ⁵⁰, H. L. Sawant⁷⁹, S. Sayah¹⁷⁶, V. Scacco^21,22, D. Schaetzl¹¹, M. Scheel¹⁴⁹, A. Schiebelbein¹⁸⁹, M. G. Schiworski ⁷⁸, P. Schmidt ¹¹⁹, S. Schmidt ⁷¹, R. Schnabel ⁹⁷, M. Schneewind^8,9, R. M. S. Schofield⁷⁷, K. Schouteden ¹⁰⁹, B. W. Schulte^8,9, B. F. Schutz^33,8,9, E. Schwartz ²⁹⁹, M. Scialpi ³⁰⁰, J. Scott ⁸⁶, S. M. Scott ³⁴, R. M. Sedas ⁶³, T. C. Seetharamu⁸⁶, M. Seglar-Arroyo ⁴³, Y. Sekiguchi ³⁰¹, D. Sellers⁶³, N. Sembo²⁰⁴, A. S. Sengupta ³⁰², E. G. Seo ⁸⁶, J. W. Seo ¹⁰⁹, V. Sequino^32,4, M. Serra ³⁸, A. Sevrin¹¹⁵, T. Shaffer², U. S. Shah ⁵⁷, M. A. Shaikh ²⁶², L. Shao ³⁰³, A. K. Sharma ⁹⁸, Preeti Sharma¹², Prianka Sharma¹⁰³, Ritwik Sharma¹⁸, S. Sharma Chaudhary¹⁰⁵, P. Shawhan ¹²⁶, N. S. Shcheblanov ^304,264, E. Sheridan¹⁴⁴, Z.-H. Shi¹⁴², M. Shikauchi⁴², R. Shimomura³⁰⁵, H. Shinkai ³⁰⁵, S. Shirke⁷⁹, D. H. Shoemaker ³⁵, D. M. Shoemaker ¹⁴⁸, R. W. Short², S. ShyamSundar¹⁰³, A. Sider¹⁵⁸, H. Siegel ^190,191, D. Sigg ², L. Silenzi ^36,37, L. Silvestri ^39,170, M. Simmonds¹¹⁶, L. P. Singer ³⁰⁶, Amitesh Singh²¹⁶, Anika Singh¹¹, D. Singh ²⁰⁷, N. Singh ⁹⁸, S. Singh^217,59, A. M. Sintes ⁹⁸, V. Sipala^171,156, V. Skliris ³³, B. J. J. Slagmolen ³⁴, D. A. Slater¹⁹⁹, T. J. Slaven-Blair⁷², J. Smetana¹¹⁹, J. R. Smith ⁵⁴, L. Smith ^86,185,48, R. J. E. Smith ⁶, W. J. Smith ¹⁴⁴, S. Soares de Albuquerque Filho⁶⁰, M. Soares-Santos¹⁸⁸, K. Somiya ²¹⁷, I. Song ¹⁴², S. Soni ³⁵, V. Sordini ⁵⁶, F. Sorrentino²⁹, H. Sotani ³⁰⁷, F. Spada ⁸⁰, V. Spagnuolo ³⁷, A. P. Spencer ⁸⁶, P. Spinicelli ⁶², A. K. Srivastava⁹³, F. Stachurski ⁸⁶, C. J. Stark¹²³, D. A. Steer ³⁰⁸, N. Steinle ¹⁶⁹, J. Steinlechner^36,37, S. Steinlechner ^36,37, N. Stergioulas ²⁵², P. Stevens⁴¹, M. StPierre¹⁶⁴, M. D. Strong¹², A. Strunk², A. L. Stuver ^102,†, M. Suchenek⁹⁵, S. Sudhagar ⁹⁵, Y. Sudo²³¹, N. Sueltmann⁹⁷, L. Suleiman ⁵⁴, K. D. Sullivan¹², J. Sun ²⁴², L. Sun ³⁴, S. Sunil⁹³, J. Suresh ¹¹³, B. J. Sutton⁶⁷, P. J. Sutton ³³, K. Suzuki²¹⁷, M. Suzuki²⁰³, B. L. Swinkels ³⁷, A. Syx ¹¹⁷, M. J. Szczepańczyk ³⁰⁹, P. Szewczyk ¹²⁵, M. Tacca ³⁷, H. Tagoshi ³¹⁰, S. C. Tait ¹¹, K. Takada³¹⁰, H. Takahashi ³¹¹, R. Takahashi ²⁵, A. Takamori ⁴², S. Takano ³¹², H. Takeda ^313,314, K. Takeshita²¹⁷, I. Takimoto Schmiegelow^44,45, M. Takou-Ayaoh⁷⁸, C. Talbot¹³⁰, M. Tamaki²⁰³, N. Tamanini ¹⁰⁰, D. Tanabe¹⁴¹, K. Tanaka⁵⁰, S. J. Tanaka ²³¹, S. Tanioka ³³, D. B. Tanner⁴⁶, W. Tanner^8,9, L. Tao ²¹¹, R. D. Tapia⁷, E. N. Tapia San Martín³⁷, C. Taranto^21,22, A. Taruya ³¹⁵, J. D. Tasson ¹⁵³, J. G. Tau ¹¹⁰, D. Tellez⁵⁴, R. Tenorio ⁹⁸, H. Themann¹⁸¹, A. Theodoropoulos ¹³⁸, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam⁷⁹, L. M. Thomas ¹¹, M. Thomas⁶³, P. Thomas², J. E. Thompson ²¹⁰, S. R. Thondapu¹⁰³, K. A. Thorne⁶³, E. Thrane ⁶, J. Tissino ^44,45, A. Tiwari⁷⁹, Pawan Tiwari⁴⁴, Praveer Tiwari¹⁹⁴, S. Tiwari ¹⁸⁸, V. Tiwari ¹¹⁹, M. R. Todd⁷⁸, M. Toffano⁹¹, A. M. Toivonen ¹⁸, K. Toland ⁸⁶, A. E. Tolley ⁷³, T. Tomaru ²⁵, V. Tommasini¹¹, T. Tomura ⁵⁰, H. Tong ⁶, C. Tong-Yu¹⁴¹, A. Torres-Forné ^138,139, C. I. Torrie¹¹, I. Tosta e Melo³¹⁶, E. Tournefier ³¹, M. Trad Nery¹¹³, K. Tran¹²³, A. Trapananti ^52,51, R. Travaglini ¹⁶⁸, F. Travasso ^52,51, G. Traylor⁶³, M. Trevor¹²⁶, M. C. Tringali ⁶², A. Tripathee ⁹⁰, G. Troian ^185,48, A. Trovato ^185,48, L. Trozzo⁴, R. J. Trudeau¹¹, T. Tsang ³³, S. Tsuchida ³¹⁷, L. Tsukada ²¹³, K. Turbang ^115,23, M. Turconi ¹¹³, C. Turski⁹⁴, H. Ubach ^82,83, T. Uchiyama ⁵⁰, R. P. Udall ¹¹, T. Uehara ³¹⁸, K. Ueno ⁴², V. Undheim ²⁷⁸, L. E. Uronen²¹⁹, T. Ushiba ⁵⁰, M. Vacatello ^80,81, H. Vahlbruch ^8,9, N. Vaidya ¹¹, G. Vajente ¹¹, A. Vajpeyi⁶, J. Valencia ⁹⁸, M. Valentini ^107,37, S. A. Vallejo-Peña ²⁹⁶, S. Vallero²⁸, V. Valsan ¹⁰, M. van Dael ^37,319, E. Van den Bossche ¹¹⁵, J. F. J. van den Brand ^36,107,37, C. Van Den Broeck^71,37, M. van der Sluys ^37,71, A. Van de Walle⁴¹, J. van Dongen ^37,107, K. Vandra¹⁰², M. VanDyke¹²⁰, H. van Haevermaet ²³, J. V. van Heijningen ^37,107, P. Van Hove ⁶⁴, J. Vanier²⁶⁰, M. VanKeuren¹⁰⁴, J. Vanosky², N. van Remortel ²³, M. Vardaro^36,37, A. F. Vargas ¹²⁴, V. Varma ¹³³, A. N. Vazquez⁸⁹, A. Vecchio ¹¹⁹, G. Vedovato⁹², J. Veitch ⁸⁶, P. J. Veitch ¹¹⁶, S. Venikoudis¹⁵, R. C. Venterea ¹⁸, P. Verdier ⁵⁶, M. Vereecken¹⁵, D. Verkindt ³¹, B. Verma¹³³, Y. Verma ¹⁰³, S. M. Vermeulen ¹¹, F. Vetrano⁶⁰, A. Veutro ^38,39, A. Viceré ^60,61, S. Vidyant⁷⁸, A. D. Viets ⁸⁸, A. Vijaykumar ¹⁸⁹, A. Vilkha¹¹⁰, N. Villanueva Espinosa¹³⁸, V. Villa-Ortega ¹⁷⁸, E. T. Vincent ⁵⁷, J.-Y. Vinet¹¹³, S. Viret⁵⁶, S. Vitale ³⁵, H. Vocca ^76,51, D. Voigt ⁹⁷, E. R. G. von Reis², J. S. A. von Wrangel^8,9, W. E. Vossius²³², L. Vujeva ¹⁴⁰, S. P. Vyatchanin ¹⁰⁸, J. Wack¹¹, L. E. Wade¹⁰⁴, M. Wade ¹⁰⁴, K. J. Wagner ¹¹⁰, L. Wallace¹¹, E. J. Wang⁸⁹, H. Wang ²¹⁷, J. Z. Wang⁹⁰, W. H. Wang¹⁶⁵, Y. F. Wang ¹, G. Waratkar ¹⁹⁴, J. Warner², M. Was ³¹, T. Washimi ²⁵, N. Y. Washington¹¹, D. Watarai⁴², B. Weaver², S. A. Webster⁸⁶, N. L. Weickhardt ⁹⁷, M. Weinert^8,9, A. J. Weinstein ¹¹, R. Weiss³⁵, L. Wen ⁷², K. Wette ³⁴, J. T. Whelan ¹¹⁰, B. F. Whiting ⁴⁶, C. Whittle ¹¹, E. G. Wickens⁷³, D. Wilken ^8,9, A. T. Wilkin²¹¹, B. M. Williams¹²⁰, D. Williams ⁸⁶, M. J. Williams ⁷³, N. S. Williams ¹, J. L. Willis ¹¹, B. Willke ^9,8, M. Wils ¹⁰⁹, L. Wilson¹⁰⁴, C. W. Winborn¹⁰⁵, J. Winterflood⁷², C. C. Wipf¹¹, G. Woan ⁸⁶, J. Woehler^36,37, N. E. Wolfe³⁵, H. T. Wong ¹⁴¹, I. C. F. Wong ^219,109, K. Wong¹⁸⁹, T. Wouters^71,37, J. L. Wright², M. Wright ^86,71, B. Wu⁷⁸, C. Wu ¹⁴², D. S. Wu ^8,9, H. Wu ¹⁴², K. Wu¹²⁰, Q. Wu⁵³, Y. Wu⁹⁶, Z. Wu ¹⁰⁰, E. Wuchner⁵⁴, D. M. Wysocki ¹⁰, V. A. Xu ²⁰⁷, Y. Xu ⁹⁸, N. Yadav ²⁸, H. Yamamoto ¹¹, K. Yamamoto ¹⁵², T. S. Yamamoto ⁴², T. Yamamoto ⁵⁰, R. Yamazaki ²³¹, T. Yan¹¹⁹, F. Yang ⁴⁶, K. Z. Yang ¹⁸, Y. Yang ¹⁴⁶, Z. Yarbrough ¹², J. Yebana⁹⁸, S.-W. Yeh¹⁴², A. B. Yelikar ¹⁴⁴, X. Yin³⁵, J. Yokoyama ^320,42, T. Yokozawa⁵⁰, S. Yuan⁷², H. Yuzurihara ⁵⁰, M. Zanolin⁶⁵, M. Zeeshan ¹¹⁰, T. Zelenova⁶², J.-P. Zendri⁹², M. Zeoli ¹⁵, M. Zerrad⁴⁰, M. Zevin ⁹⁶, H. Zhang ¹⁴⁵, L. Zhang¹¹, N. Zhang ⁵⁷, R. Zhang ¹⁵⁰, T. Zhang¹¹⁹, C. Zhao ⁷², Yue Zhao¹⁶², Yuhang Zhao²⁰, Z.-C. Zhao ³²¹, Y. Zheng ¹⁰⁵, H. Zhong ¹⁸, H. Zhou⁷⁸, H. O. Zhu⁷², Z.-H. Zhu ^321,322, A. B. Zimmerman ¹⁴⁸, L. Zimmermann⁵⁶, M. E. Zucker ^35,11, and J. Zweizig ¹¹ (LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, and KAGRA Collaboration)

¹Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
²LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
³Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁴INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
⁶OzGrav, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁷The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁸Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
⁹Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁰University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
¹¹LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹²Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
¹³Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
¹⁴Centre de Physique Théorique, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
¹⁵Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
¹⁶Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
¹⁷University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
¹⁸University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
¹⁹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
²⁰Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
²¹Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²²INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²³Universiteit Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
²⁴International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
²⁵Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁷Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
²⁸INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
²⁹INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³¹Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
³²Università di Napoli “Federico II,” I-80126 Napoli, Italy
³³Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
³⁴OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
³⁵LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
³⁶Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
³⁷Nikhef, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
³⁸INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
³⁹Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” I-00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁰Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France
⁴¹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
⁴²University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
⁴³Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁴⁴Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
⁴⁵INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
⁴⁶University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
⁴⁷Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
⁴⁸INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁹Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
⁵⁰Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
⁵¹INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁵²Università di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
⁵³University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
⁵⁴California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
⁵⁵SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
⁵⁶Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁵⁷Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁵⁸Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
⁵⁹Astronomical course, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
⁶⁰Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo,” I-61029 Urbino, Italy
⁶¹INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
⁶²European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
⁶³LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
⁶⁴Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
⁶⁵Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
⁶⁶Dipartimento di Fisica “E. R. Caianiello,” Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁶⁷King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
⁶⁸Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
⁶⁹International College, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
⁷⁰Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
⁷¹Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
⁷²OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
⁷³University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
⁷⁴Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁵INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁶Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁷⁷University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
⁷⁸Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
⁷⁹Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
⁸⁰INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸¹Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸²Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸³Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁴Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, c. Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁵Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
⁸⁶IGR, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
⁸⁷HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
⁸⁸Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
⁸⁹Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
⁹⁰University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁹¹Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹²INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹³Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
⁹⁴Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
⁹⁵Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
⁹⁶Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
⁹⁷Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
⁹⁸IAC3-IEEC, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
⁹⁹Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France
¹⁰⁰Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹⁰¹Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, I-53100 Siena, Italy
¹⁰²Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
¹⁰³RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
¹⁰⁴Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
¹⁰⁵Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
¹⁰⁶Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
¹⁰⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹⁰⁸Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
¹⁰⁹Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
¹¹⁰Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
¹¹¹Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
¹¹²Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
¹¹³Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France
¹¹⁴University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
¹¹⁵Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
¹¹⁶OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
¹¹⁷Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
¹¹⁸Université Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
¹¹⁹University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
¹²⁰Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
¹²¹Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
¹²²Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
¹²³Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
¹²⁴OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
¹²⁵Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
¹²⁶University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
¹²⁷Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁸INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁹Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹³⁰University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹³¹University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
¹³²INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
¹³³University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
¹³⁴Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, 2100 København, Denmark
¹³⁵Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
¹³⁶Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
¹³⁷Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
¹³⁸Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹³⁹Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
¹⁴⁰Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Kóbenhavn, Denmark
¹⁴¹National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
¹⁴²National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
¹⁴³OzGrav, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
¹⁴⁴Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
¹⁴⁵University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences / International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, Beijing 100049, China
¹⁴⁶Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 University Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
¹⁴⁷Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
¹⁴⁸University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
¹⁴⁹CaRT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹⁵⁰Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
¹⁵¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIIN), Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁵²Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
¹⁵³Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
¹⁵⁴University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
¹⁵⁵OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
¹⁵⁶INFN Cagliari, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
¹⁵⁷Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
¹⁵⁸Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
¹⁵⁹INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
¹⁶⁰Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹⁶¹Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
¹⁶²The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
¹⁶³Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
¹⁶⁴University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
¹⁶⁵The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
¹⁶⁶Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
¹⁶⁷DIFA- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33–40126 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁸Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2–40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁹University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
¹⁷⁰INFN-CNAF - Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
¹⁷¹Università degli Studi di Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
¹⁷²INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, I-95125 Catania, Italy
¹⁷³Université de Normandie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, F-14000 Caen, France
¹⁷⁴Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen, 6 boulevard du maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen, France
¹⁷⁵The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁶Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹⁷⁷Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
¹⁷⁸IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁷⁹Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸⁰INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸¹California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
¹⁸²Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
¹⁸³Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁸⁴Corps des Mines, Mines Paris, Université PSL, 60 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
¹⁸⁵Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
¹⁸⁶Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Lagrange, F-06304 Nice, France
¹⁸⁷National Center for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
¹⁸⁸University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁸⁹Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁹⁰Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
¹⁹¹Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
¹⁹²Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
¹⁹³HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
¹⁹⁴Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
¹⁹⁵Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Universidade do Minho, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
¹⁹⁶Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
¹⁹⁷CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁹⁸Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
¹⁹⁹Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
²⁰⁰SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
²⁰¹Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33168, USA
²⁰²Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
²⁰³Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁰⁴Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²⁰⁵Department of Physics, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
²⁰⁶University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
²⁰⁷University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
²⁰⁸Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
²⁰⁹Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
²¹⁰University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
²¹¹University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
²¹²Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
²¹³University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
²¹⁴University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
²¹⁵Ariel University, Ramat HaGolan Street 65, Ari’el, West Bank
²¹⁶The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
²¹⁷Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
²¹⁸Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. II, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
²¹⁹The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
²²⁰American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
²²¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²²INFN, sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²³Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
²²⁴University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
²²⁵University of Lancaster, Lancaster Louisiana1 4YW, United Kingdom
²²⁶College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino City, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
²²⁷Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²²⁸Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²²⁹Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Road, Danshui District, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
²³⁰Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
²³¹Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
²³²Helmut Schmidt University, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
²³³Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²³⁴Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
²³⁵Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
²³⁶Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
²³⁷National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academic of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁸School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁹Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁰Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
²⁴¹Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁴²Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
²⁴³University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
²⁴⁴Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 9GH2 + 3V5, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
²⁴⁵Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁶National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁷Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁸Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁹Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
²⁵⁰Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁵¹Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
²⁵²Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
²⁵³Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
²⁵⁴Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
²⁵⁵Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
²⁵⁶Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
²⁵⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8-35151 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁸Sezione di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via Marzolo, 8-35131 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁹Department of Physics, Nagoya University, ES building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
²⁶⁰Université de Montréal/Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
²⁶¹Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
²⁶²Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
²⁶³Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
²⁶⁴NAVIER, École des Ponts, Université Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
²⁶⁵Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶⁶Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
²⁶⁷St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, Florida 33054, USA
²⁶⁸Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
²⁶⁹Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷⁰Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷¹Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie Heidelberg, Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert Ueberle Strasse 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
²⁷²Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷³Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
²⁷⁴Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
²⁷⁵Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
²⁷⁶Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, 67 Fukakusa Tsukamoto-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
²⁷⁷Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
²⁷⁸University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
²⁷⁹Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
²⁸⁰GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
²⁸¹University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
²⁸²Observatoire de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
²⁸³Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France
²⁸⁴Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²⁸⁵University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
²⁸⁶CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
²⁸⁷Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, I-00185 Roma, Italy
²⁸⁸Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
²⁸⁹Department of Physics, University of Guadalajara, Avenida Revolucion 1500, Colonia Olimpica C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
²⁹⁰Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
²⁹¹INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
²⁹²Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
²⁹³Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi,” I-00184 Roma, Italy
²⁹⁴Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
²⁹⁵Subatech, CNRS/IN2P3 - IMT Atlantique - Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, B.P. 20722, 44307 Nantes CÉDEX 03, France
²⁹⁶Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
²⁹⁷Departamento de Física - ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
²⁹⁸Department of Electronic Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
²⁹⁹Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
³⁰⁰Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università Degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44121 Ferrara FE, Italy
³⁰¹Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
³⁰²Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
³⁰³Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
³⁰⁴Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
³⁰⁵Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 1-79-1 Kitayama, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0196, Japan
³⁰⁶NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
³⁰⁷Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
³⁰⁸Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, (CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité), F-75005 Paris, France
³⁰⁹Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
³¹⁰Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
³¹¹Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
³¹²Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
³¹³The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
³¹⁴Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹⁵Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹⁶University of Catania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania CT, Italy
³¹⁷National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Sabae-shi, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
³¹⁸Department of Communications Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
³¹⁹Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
³²⁰Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
³²¹Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
³²²School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi Road 299, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
³²³Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

^*Full author list given at the end of the article.
^†Deceased.

PDF

Phys. Rev. X 16, 041023 – Published 22 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/dlfv-z6m2

Abstract

We search for gravitational-wave background signals produced by various early Universe processes in the Advanced LIGO O4a dataset, combined with the data from the earlier O1, O2, and O3 (LIGO-Virgo) runs. The absence of detectable signals enables powerful constraints on fundamental physics. We derive gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits from the O1–O4a data to constrain parameters associated with various possible processes in the early Universe: first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, domain walls, stiff equation of state, axion inflation, second-order scalar perturbations, primordial black hole binaries, and parity violation. In our analyses, the presence of an astrophysical background produced by compact (black hole and neutron star) binary coalescences throughout the Universe is also considered. We address the implications for various cosmological and high-energy physics models based on the obtained parameter constraints. We conclude that LIGO-Virgo data already yield significant constraints on numerous early Universe scenarios.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Popular Summary

We search for a gravitational-wave background produced by various early Universe cosmological models using LIGO-Virgo data. This study is motivated by open questions in early Universe cosmology and high-energy particle physics. We consider imprints in the gravitational-wave background from first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, domain walls, stiff equation of state, axion inflation, second-order scalar perturbations, primordial black hole binaries, and parity violation. Even though we have not yet observed a gravitational-wave background, our study constrains high-energy physics models at energy scales inaccessible by accelerators.

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. X 16, 041023– Published 22 October, 2026

Vol. 16, Iss. 4 — October - December 2026

Received 10 November 2025
Accepted 21 July 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/dlfv-z6m2

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Physical Review X

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Cosmological and High-Energy Physics Implications from Gravitational-Wave Background Searches in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA’s O1–O4a Runs

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