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Superconductivity from Spin-Canting Fluctuations in Rhombohedral Graphene

Zhiyu Dong1, Étienne Lantagne-Hurtubise1,2, and Jason Alicea1

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Phys. Rev. X 16, 011055 – Published 12 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2ts4-cxhs

Abstract

Rhombohedral graphene multilayers host various broken-symmetry metallic phases as well as superconductors whose pairing mechanism and order parameter symmetry remain unsettled. Strikingly, experiments have revealed prominent superconducting regions in rhombohedral bilayer and trilayer graphene devices with proximity-induced Ising spin-orbit coupling. We propose that these superconductors descend from a common spin-canted normal state that spontaneously breaks a U(1) spin symmetry and thus supports soft magnon modes. In particular, we show that these soft modes can mediate pairing through interband scattering events that are symmetry forbidden in the absence of spin-orbit coupling, thus providing a promising explanation for spin-orbit-enabled pairing. Numerous other experimental observations—including nontrivial dependence of superconductivity on the spin-orbit coupling strength, in-plane magnetic fields, and Fermi surface structure—also naturally follow from our scenario.

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Popular Summary

Superconductivity—a quantum state of matter where current flows without resistance—has recently been observed in rhombohedral-stacked graphene, a family of two-dimensional materials hosting rich electronic orders. However, the origin of superconductivity in these systems, and especially why it is “boosted” by a transition-metal dichalcogenide substrate, has remained mysterious. In this work, the authors propose an explanation based on a special type of magnetic order in the normal (nonsuperconducting) state. They suggest that in the presence of spin-orbit interaction induced by the transition-metal dichalcogenide, the electron spins tilt in a coordinated way, creating a “spin-canted” magnetic order. Fluctuations in the spin-canted order glue electrons into Cooper pairs to form a superconducting state. This pairing mechanism naturally accounts for various experimentally observed trends and invites further falsifiable tests. The theory thus connects magnetism and superconductivity in rhombohedral graphene, offering a unified framework to guide the design of new graphene-based superconductors.

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Phys. Rev. X 16, 011055– Published 12 March, 2026
  • Received 22 July 2024
  • Accepted 12 February 2026
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