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  • Perspective
  • Open Access

From the Dawn of Neutrino Astronomy to a New View of the Extreme Universe

C. A. Argüelles1,*, F. Halzen2,†, and N. Kurahashi3,‡

  • 1Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  • 2Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
  • 3Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA

  • *Contact author: carguelles@fas.harvard.edu
  • †Contact author: halzen@icecube.wisc.edu
  • ‡Contact author: naoko@icecube.wisc.edu
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Phys. Rev. X 15, 030501 – Published 9 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/1z9l-kb1d

Abstract

Over the past decade, neutrino astronomy has emerged as a new window into the extreme and hidden Universe. Current-generation experiments have detected high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin and identified the first sources, opening the field to discovery. Looking ahead, in this Perspective we identify seven major open questions in neutrino astrophysics and particle physics that could lead to transformative discoveries over the next 20 years. These multidisciplinary questions range from understanding the vicinity of a black hole to unveiling the nature of neutrino mass, among other topics. Additionally, we critically review the current experimental capabilities and their limitations and, from there, discuss the interplay between different proposed neutrino telescope technologies and analysis techniques. We firmly believe that achieving the immense discovery potential over the next two decades demands a model of global partnership and specialized, complementary detectors. This collaborative neutrino telescope network will pave the way for a thriving multimessenger era, transforming our understanding of neutrino physics, astrophysics, and the extreme Universe.

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Popular Summary

For decades, we’ve explored the Universe using light—radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays. But some of the most extreme cosmic environments are shrouded in darkness, where even the highest-energy photons can’t escape. In these places, neutrinos—tiny, nearly massless particles—are our only messengers.

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Phys. Rev. X 15, 030501– Published 9 July, 2025
  • Received 27 May 2024
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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