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Stochastic thermodynamics of nonreciprocally interacting particles and fields

Atul Tanaji Mohite* and Heiko Rieger

  • Department of Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

  • *Contact author: atul.mohite@uni-saarland.de
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Phys. Rev. E 113, 064136 – Published 16 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mqpg-4l5h

Abstract

Nonreciprocal interactions that violate Newton's law “actio = reactio” are ubiquitous in nature and are currently intensively investigated in active matter, chemical reaction networks, population dynamics, and many other fields. An outstanding challenge is the thermodynamically consistent formulation of the underlying stochastic dynamics that obeys local detailed balance and allows for a rigorous analysis of the stochastic thermodynamics of nonreciprocally interacting particles. Here, we present such a framework for a broad class of active systems and derive, by systematic coarse-graining, exact expressions for the macroscopic entropy production. Four independent contributions to the thermodynamic dissipation can be identified, among which the energy flux sustaining vorticity currents manifests the presence of nonreciprocal interactions. Then, Onsager's nonreciprocal relations, the fluctuation-response relation, the fluctuation relation, and the thermodynamic uncertainty relations for nonreciprocal systems are derived. Finally, we demonstrate that our general framework is applicable to a plethora of active matter systems and chemical reaction networks and opens new paths to understand the stochastic thermodynamics of nonreciprocally interacting many-body systems.

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Phys. Rev. E 113, 064136– Published 16 June, 2026
  • Received 10 April 2025
  • Revised 17 April 2026
  • Accepted 18 May 2026
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