Core-collapse supernovae are among the astrophysical sources of gravitational waves that could be detected by third-generation gravitational-wave detectors. Here, we analyze the gravitational-wave strain signals from two- and three-dimensional simulations of core-collapse supernovae generated using the code fornax. A subset of the two-dimensional simulations has nonzero core rotation at the core bounce. A dominant source of time changing quadrupole moment is the $l=2$ fundamental mode ($f\text{−}\mathrm{mode}$) oscillation of the protoneutron star. From the time-frequency spectrogram of the gravitational-wave strain we see that, starting $\sim 400\mathrm{ms}$ after the core bounce, most of the power lies within a narrow track that represents the frequency evolution of the $f\text{−}\mathrm{mode}$ oscillations. The $f\text{−}\mathrm{mode}$ frequencies obtained from linear perturbation analysis of the angle-averaged profile of the protoneutron star corroborate what we observe in the spectrograms of the gravitational-wave signal. We explore the measurability of the $f\text{−}\mathrm{mode}$ frequency evolution of a protoneutron star for a supernova signal observed in the third-generation gravitational-wave detectors. Measurement of the frequency evolution can reveal information about the masses, radii, and densities of the protoneutron stars. We find that if the third-generation detectors observe a supernova within 10 kpc, then we can measure these frequencies to within 5 Hz rms error. We can also measure the energy emitted in the fundamental $f\text{−}\mathrm{mode}$ using the spectrogram data of the strain signal. We find that the energy in the $f\text{−}\mathrm{mode}$ can be measured to within 20% error for signals observed by Cosmic Explorer using simulations with successful explosion, assuming source distances within 10 kpc.

We calculate the contribution to the gravitational form factors (GFFs) from the gluon part of the energy-momentum tensor in QCD. We take a simple spin $1/2$ composite state, namely a quark dressed with a gluon. We use the light-front Hamiltonian QCD approach in the light-front gauge. We also present the effect of the gluon on the mechanical properties like the pressure, shear and energy distributions of the dressed quark state.

In this work we investigate the impact of conformal symmetry breaking on hydrodynamization of a far-from-equilibrium fluid. We find a new kind of transseries solutions for the nonconformal hydrodynamic equations of a longitudinal boost invariant expanding plasma. The new transseries solutions unveil a rich physical structure which arises due to the interplay of different physical scales. In the perfect fluid case the nonconformal speed of sound slows down the cooling of the temperature due to the emergence of logarithmic corrections that depends on the mass of the particle. These terms propagate into the perturbative and nonperturbative sectors of the transseries once viscous corrections are included. The logarithmic mass contributions increase the asymptotic value of the Knudsen number while decreasing the damping rate of the transient nonhydrodynamic modes and thus, yielding to an extremely slow hydrodynamization process where flow lines merge to their forward attractor at extremely late times. The early time free streaming expansion is modified and receives logarithmic mass corrections induced by the shear-bulk couplings. The global flow structure and numerical analyses carried out in our work demonstrate the existence of local attraction at early and late times for the shear viscous tensor and bulk viscous pressure.

We present the results of first-principle numerical simulations of Euclidean SU(3) Yang-Mills plasma rotating with a high imaginary angular frequency. The rigid Euclidean rotation is introduced via “rotwisted” boundary conditions along the imaginary-time direction. The Polyakov loop in the corotating Euclidean reference frame shows the emergence of a spatially inhomogeneous confining-deconfining phase through a broad crossover transition. A mapping of our numerical results to Minkowski spacetime suggests that the gluon plasma, rotating at real angular frequencies, produces a new inhomogeneous phase possessing the confining phase near the rotation axis and the deconfinement phase in the outer regions. The inhomogeneous phase structure has a purely kinematic origin, rooted in the Tolman-Ehrenfest effect in a rotating medium. We also derive the Euclidean version of the kinematic Tolman-Ehrenfest law in imaginary-time formalism and discuss two definitions of temperature at imaginary Euclidean rotation.

We investigate the renormalization group (RG)-time integration of the effective potential in the functional renormalization group in the presence of spontaneous symmetry breaking and its subsequent convexity restoration on the example of a scalar theory in $d=3$. The features of this setup are common to many physical models and our results are, therefore, directly applicable to a variety of situations. We provide exhaustive work-precision benchmarks and numerical stability analyses by considering the combination of different discrete formulations of the flow equation and a large collection of different algorithms. The results are explained by using the different components entering the RG-time integration process and the eigenvalue structure of the discrete system. Particularly, the combination of Rosenbrock methods, implicit multistep methods, or certain (diagonally) implicit Runge-Kutta methods with exact or automatic differentiation Jacobians proves to be very potent. Furthermore, a reformulation in a logarithmic variable circumvents issues related to the singularity bound in the flat regime of the potential.

We reduce the massless scalar field theory in Minkowski spacetime to future null infinity. We compute the Poincaré flux operators, which can be generalized and identified as the supertranslation and superrotation generators. These generators are shown to form a closed symmetry algebra with a divergent central charge. In the classical limit, we argue that the algebra may be interpreted as the geometric symmetry of a Carrollian manifold, i.e., the hypersurface of future null infinity. Our method may be used to find more physically interesting Carrollian field theories.

The Hungarian physicist Eugene Wigner introduced random matrix models in physics to describe the energy spectra of atomic nuclei. As such, the main goal of random matrix theory (RMT) has been to derive the eigenvalue statistics of matrices drawn from a given distribution. The Wigner approach gives powerful insights into the properties of complex, chaotic systems in thermal equilibrium. Another Hungarian, Cornelius Lanczos, suggested a method of reducing the dynamics of any quantum system to a one-dimensional chain by tridiagonalizing the Hamiltonian relative to a given initial state. In the resulting matrix, the diagonal and off-diagonal Lanczos coefficients control transition amplitudes between elements of a distinguished basis of states. We connect these two approaches to the quantum mechanics of complex systems by deriving analytical formulas relating the potential defining a general RMT, or, equivalently, its density of states, to the Lanczos coefficients and their correlations. In particular, we derive an integral relation between the average Lanczos coefficients and the density of states, and, for polynomial potentials, algebraic equations that determine the Lanczos coefficients from the potential. We obtain these results for generic initial states in the thermodynamic limit. As an application, we compute the time-dependent “spread complexity” in thermofield double states and the spectral form factor for Gaussian and non-Gaussian RMTs.

We develop the theory of quantum scars for quantum fields. By generalizing the formalisms of Heller and Bogomolny from few-body quantum mechanics to quantum fields, we find that unstable periodic classical solutions of the field equations imprint themselves in a precise manner on bands of energy eigenfunctions. This indicates a breakdown of thermalization at certain energy scales, in a manner that can be characterized via semiclassics. As an explicit example, we consider time-periodic nontopological solitons in complex scalar field theories. We find that an unstable variant of Q-balls, called Q-clouds, induces quantum scars. Some technical contributions of our work include methods for characterizing moduli spaces of periodic orbits in field theories, which are essential for formulating our quantum scar formula. We further discuss potential connections with quantum many-body scars in Rydberg atom arrays.

In this paper all the defect-type solutions in a family of scalar field theories with a real and a complex field in ($1+1$)-dimensional Minkowski spacetime have been analytically identified. Three types of solutions have been found: (a) topological kinks without the presence of $Q$-balls, (b) defects that consist of a topological kink coupled with a $Q$-ball, and (c) a one-parameter family of solutions where a $Q$-ball is combined with a nontopological soliton. The properties of these solutions and its linear stability are also discussed.

We revisit the relation between black hole geometries and chiral transport. Integrating the anomaly equation in a black hole geometry allows us to derive the chiral transport coefficients for the thermal gas far from the horizon. The key ingredient is to impose vanishing of the covariant current on the horizon. We extend the method to include the usual gauge anomaly for charged black holes and to weak magnetic fields. This allows us to derive the full set of transport coefficients describing the chiral magnetic and chiral vortical effects.

The shadows of black holes encode significant information about the properties of black holes and the spacetime surrounding them. So far, the effects of dispersive media, such as plasma, and relativistic aberration on the propagation of light around compact objects have been treated separately in the literature. In this paper, we will employ the Konoplya, Stuchlík, and Zhidenko family of stationary, axially symmetric, and asymptotically flat metrics to describe the spacetime around rotating black holes. We will study how the parameters of the black hole, the chromatic effects resulting from the presence of a nonmagnetized, pressureless plasma environment, and the effects of relativistic aberration of a moving observer modify the morphology of the shadow.

We investigate the shadow cast by a regular black hole in scalar-tensor-vector modified gravity theory. This black hole differs from a Schwarzschild-Kerr black hole by the dimensionless parameter $\beta$. The size of the shadow depends on this parameter. Increasing the value of the parameter $\beta$ shrinks the shadow. A critical value of the parameter $\beta$ is found to be ${\beta }_{\mathrm{crit}}=0.40263$. The shadow for the horizonless dark compact object has been analyzed for the static, spherically symmetric case and compared with M87* and Sgr A* data. Shadow observables have been determined in the context of the regular black hole and used for obtaining the energy emission rate. The peak of the energy emission rate shifts to lower frequency for the increasing value of the parameter $\beta$.

The nucleon energy-energy correlator (NEEC) was proposed recently [X. Liu and H. X. Zhu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 091901 (2023)] as a new way of studying nucleon intrinsic dynamics. In this work, we present a detailed derivation of the factorization theorem that enables the measurement of the unpolarized NEEC in lepton-nucleon collisions. As a first step toward a precise measurement of this quantity, we obtained the next-to-leading-logarithmic [NLL, $\sim \mathcal{O}({\alpha }_s^n{L}^{n-1})$] resummation in a concise analytic form, and predicted the analytic $\theta$-angle distribution at $\mathcal{O}({\alpha }_s^2)$. Extending our analytic resummation formula to higher logarithmic accuracy and the factorization theorem to hadron-hadron collisions is straightforward.

We study incoherent diffractive dijet production in electron-nucleus deep inelastic scattering at small $x_{\mathrm{Bj}}$ within the color glass condensate. We follow the general approach of [1] but we focus on the correlation limit, that is, when the momentum transfer ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\perp }$ and the gluon saturation momentum $Q_s$ of the nucleus are much smaller than the individual jet momentum $P_{\perp }$. We arrive at analytic expressions for the dijet cross section, which can be written as a sum of four terms which exhibit factorization: each such term is a product between a hard factor, which includes the decay of the virtual photon to the $q\overline{q}$ pair, and a semihard one which involves the dipole-nucleus scattering amplitude. We further calculate the azimuthal anisotropies $⟨\cos 2\varphi ⟩$ and $⟨\cos 4\varphi ⟩$. They are of the same order in the hard momentum $P_{\perp }$, but the $⟨\cos 4\varphi ⟩$ is logarithmically suppressed due to its dependence on the semihard factor. Finally, in order to extend the validity of our result towards the perturbative domain, we calculate the first higher kinematic twist, i.e., the correction of relative order ${\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\perp }^2/P_{\perp }^2$.

The refined Gribov-Zwanziger (RGZ) action in the Landau gauge accounts for the existence of infinitesimal Gribov copies as well as the dynamical formation of condensates in the infrared of Euclidean Yang-Mills theories. We couple scalar fields to the RGZ action and compute the one-loop scalar propagator in the adjoint representation of the gauge group. We compare our findings with existing lattice data. The fate of Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin symmetry in this model is discussed, and we provide a comparison to a previous proposal for a nonminimal coupling between matter and the RGZ action. We find good agreement with the lattice data of the scalar propagator for the values of the mass parameters that fit the RGZ gluon propagator to the lattice. This suggests that the nonperturbative information carried by the gluon propagator in the RGZ framework provides a suitable mechanism to reproduce the behavior of correlation functions of colored matter fields in the infrared.

The recent body of work points out that the mean-field approximation, widely employed to mimic the neutrino field within a neutrino-dense source, might give different results in terms of flavor evolution with respect to the correspondent many-body treatment. In this paper, we investigate whether such conclusions derived within a constrained framework should hold in an astrophysical context. We show that the plane waves, commonly adopted in the many-body literature to model the neutrino field, provide results that are crucially different with respect to the ones obtained using wave packets of finite size streaming with a nonzero velocity. The many-body approach intrinsically includes coherent and incoherent scatterings. The mean-field approximation, on the other hand, only takes into account the coherent scattering in the absence of the collision term. Even if incoherent scatterings are included in the mean-field approach, the nature of the collision term is different from that in the many-body approach. Because of this, if only a finite number of neutrinos is considered, as often assumed, the two approaches naturally lead to different flavor outcomes. These differences are further exacerbated by vacuum mixing. We conclude that existing many-body literature, based on closed neutrino systems with a finite number of particles, is neither able to rule out nor assess the validity of the mean-field approach adopted to simulate the evolution of the neutrino field in dense astrophysical sources, which are open systems.

We apply the QCD sum rule method to study the double-gluon hybrid states with the quark-gluon contents $\overline{q}qgg$ ($q=u/d$) and $\overline{s}sgg$. We construct twenty-eight double-gluon hybrid currents, eleven of which are found to be zero due to some internal symmetries between the two gluons fields. We concentrate on the nonvanishing currents with the exotic quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{-+}$ and $3^{-+}$. Their masses are calculated to be $M_{|\overline{q}qgg;1^{-+}⟩}=4.35_{-0.30}^{+0.26}\mathrm{GeV}$, $M_{|\overline{s}sgg;1^{-+}⟩}=4.49_{-0.30}^{+0.25}\mathrm{GeV}$, $M_{|\overline{q}qgg;3^{-+}⟩}=3.02_{-0.31}^{+0.24}\mathrm{GeV}$, and $M_{|\overline{s}sgg;3^{-+}⟩}=3.16_{-0.28}^{+0.22}\mathrm{GeV}$. The decay behaviors of the $J^{PC}=3^{-+}$ states are studied, and we propose to search for them in the $\pi a_1(1260)/\rho \omega /\varphi \varphi$ channels in future particle experiments.

We present new results of a room temperature resonant AC haloscope, which searches for axions via photon upconversion. Traditional haloscopes require a strong applied DC magnetic background field surrounding the haloscope cavity resonator, the resonant frequency of which is limited by available bore dimensions. UPLOAD, the upconversion low-noise oscillator axion detection experiment, replaces this DC magnet with a second microwave background resonance within the detector cavity, which up-converts energy from the axion field into the readout mode, accessing axions around the beat frequency of the modes. Furthermore, unlike the DC case, the experiment is sensitive to a newly proposed quantum electromagnetodynamical axion coupling term $g_{aBB}$. Two experimental approaches are outlined—one using frequency metrology and the other using power detection of a thermal readout mode. The results of the power detection experiment are presented, which allows exclusion of axions of masses between $1.12-1.20\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{eV}$ above a coupling strength of both $g_{a\gamma \gamma }$ and $g_{aBB}$ at $3\times {10}^{-6}1/\mathrm{GeV}$, after a measurement period of 30 days, which is an improvement of 3 orders of magnitude over our previous result.

We present a systematic exploration of a general family of effective $SU(2)$ models with an adjoint scalar. First, we discuss a redundancy in this class of models and use it to identify seemingly different, yet physically equivalent models. Next, we construct the Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield limit and derive analytic monopole solutions. In contrast to the ’t Hooft-Polyakov monopole, included here as a special case, these solutions tend to exhibit more complex energy density profiles. Typically, we obtain monopoles with a hollow cavity at their core where virtually no energy is concentrated; accordingly, most of the monopole’s energy is stored in a spherical shell around its core. Moreover, the shell itself can be structured, with several “subshells.” A recipe for the construction of these analytic solutions is presented.

The mechanism for generating neutrino masses remains a puzzle in particle physics. If neutrino masses follow from a Dirac mass term, then neutrino states exist with opposite chirality compared to their weakly interacting counterparts. These inactive states do not interact with their active counterparts at measurable scales in the Standard Model. However, the existence of these states can have implications for cosmology as they contribute to the radiation energy density at early times, and the matter energy density at late times. How Dirac neutrinos may populate thermal states via an anomalous magnetic moment operator is the focus of this work. A class of models where all neutrinos have a magnetic moment independent of flavor or chirality is considered. Subsequently, the cross sections for neutrinos scattering on background plasma particles are calculated so that the relic inactive neutrino energy is derived as a function of plasma temperature. To do so, one needs cross sections for scattering on all electrically charged Standard Model particles. Therefore, the scattering cross section between a neutrino and $W$ boson via the magnetic moment vertex is derived. Current measurements put a constraint on the size of the neutrino magnetic moment from the cosmological parameter $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and light-element primordial abundances. Finally, how the extra Dirac states contribute to the matter energy density at late times is investigated by examining neutrino free streaming.