In the overlap region, for the normal and inverted hierarchies, of the neutrino-antineutrino bi-probability space for ${\nu }_{\mu }\to {\nu }_e$ appearance, we derive a simple identity between the solutions in the (${sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}$, $\sin \delta$) plane for the different hierarchies. The parameter ${sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}$ sets the scale of the ${\nu }_{\mu }\to {\nu }_e$ appearance probabilities at the atmospheric $\delta m_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{m}}^2\approx 2.4\times {10}^{-3}{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}}^2$ whereas $\sin \delta$ controls the amount of $CP$ violation in the lepton sector. The identity between the solutions is that the difference in the values of $\sin \delta$ for the two hierarchies equals twice the value of $\sqrt{{sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}}$ divided by the critical value of $\sqrt{{sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}}$. We apply this identity to the two proposed long baseline experiments, T2K and NOvA, and we show how it can be used to provide a simple understanding of when and why fake solutions are excluded when two or more experiments are combined. This identity demonstrates the true complementarity of T2K and NOvA.

We analyze constraints on a class of extended technicolor (ETC) models from neutral flavor-changing processes induced by (dimension-six) four-fermion operators. The ETC gauge group is taken to commute with the standard model gauge group. The models in the class are distinguished by how the left- and right-handed $(L,R)$ components of the quarks and charged leptons transform under the ETC group. We consider $K^0-{\overline{K}}^0$ and other pseudoscalar meson mixings, and conclude that they are adequately suppressed if the $L$ and $R$ components of the relevant quarks are assigned to the same (fundamental or conjugate-fundamental) representation of the ETC group. Models in which the $L$ and $R$ components of the down-type quarks are assigned to relatively conjugate representations, while they can lead to realistic CKM mixing and intrafamily mass splittings, do not adequately suppress these mixing processes. We identify an approximate global symmetry that elucidates these behavioral differences and can be used to analyze other possible representation assignments. Flavor-changing decays, involving quarks and/or leptons, are adequately suppressed for any ETC representation assignment of the $L$ and $R$ components of the quarks, as well as the leptons. We draw lessons for future ETC model building.

When the equatorial spin velocity $v$ of a charged conducting sphere approaches $c$, the Lorentz force causes a remarkable rearrangement of the total charge $q$. Charge of that sign is confined to a narrow equatorial belt at latitudes $b\le \sqrt{3}(1-v^2/c^2{)}^{1/2}$ while charge of the opposite sign occupies most of the sphere’s surface. The change in field structure is shown to be a growing contribution of the “magic” electromagnetic field of the charged Kerr-Newman black hole with Newton’s $G$ set to zero. The total charge within the narrow equatorial belt grows as $(1-v^2/c^2{)}^{-(1/4)}$ and tends to infinity as $v$ approaches $c$. The electromagnetic field, Poynting vector, field angular momentum, and field energy are calculated for these configurations. Gyromagnetic ratio, $g$ factor, and electromagnetic mass are illustrated in terms of a 19th century electron model. Classical models with no spin had the small classical electron radius $e^2/m{c}^2\sim$ a hundredth of the Compton wavelength, but models with spin take that larger size but are so relativistically concentrated to the equator that most of their mass is electromagnetic. The method of images at inverse points of the sphere is shown to extend to charges at points with imaginary coordinates.

We are presenting a quantum traversable wormhole in an exactly soluble two-dimensional model. This is different from previous works since the exotic negative energy that supports the wormhole is generated from the quantization of classical energy-momentum tensors. This explicit illustration shows the quantum-mechanical energy can be used as a candidate for the exotic source. As for the traversability, after a particle travels through the wormhole, the static initial wormhole geometry gets a back reaction which spoils the wormhole structure. However, it may still maintain the initial structure along with the appropriate boundary condition.

We investigate the constraints imposed by the first-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) cosmic microwave background (CMB) data extended to higher multipoles by data from ACBAR, BOOMERANG, CBI, and the VSA and by the large-scale structure data from the 2dF galaxy redshift survey on the possible amplitude of primordial isocurvature modes. A flat universe with cold dark matter (CDM) and cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is assumed, and the baryon, CDM isocurvature (CI), and neutrino density (NID), and velocity (NIV) isocurvature modes are considered. Constraints on the allowed isocurvature contributions are established from the data for various combinations of the adiabatic mode and one, two, and three isocurvature modes, with intermode cross correlations allowed. Since baryon and CDM isocurvature are observationally virtually indistinguishable, these modes are not considered separately. We find that when just a single isocurvature mode is added, the present data allows an isocurvature fraction, in terms of the nonadiabatic contribution to the power in the CMB anisotropy, as large as $13\pm 6$, $7\pm 4$, and $13\pm 7$ percent for adiabatic plus the CI, NID, and NIV modes, respectively. When two isocurvature modes plus the adiabatic mode and cross correlations are allowed, these percentages rise to $47\pm 16$, $34\pm 12$, and $44\pm 12$ for the combinations $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{D}$, $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{V}$, and $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{D}+\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{V}$, respectively. Finally, when all three isocurvature modes and cross correlations are allowed, the admissible isocurvature fraction rises to $57\pm 9$ percent. In our analysis we consider only scalar modes with a single common tilt parameter for all the modes and do not consider any possible primordial anisotropies in the local neutrino velocity distribution beyond quadrupole order. The sensitivity of the results to the choice of prior probability distribution is examined.

We construct a realistic model of $CP$ violation in which $CP$ is broken in the process of dimensional reduction and orbifold compactification from a five dimensional theories with $SU(3)\times SU(3)\times SU(3)$ gauge symmetry. $CP$ violation is a result of the Hosotani type gauge configuration in the higher dimension.

We propose several $T$-odd asymmetries in the decay chains of the top squarks ${\tilde{t}}_m\to t{\tilde{\chi }}_k^0$ and $t\to b{W}^{+}\to bl\nu$ and ${\tilde{\chi }}_k^0\to l^{\pm }{\tilde{l}}_n^{\mp }\to l^{\pm }{l}^{\mp }{\tilde{\chi }}_1^0$, for $l=e,\mu ,\tau$. We calculate the asymmetries within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with complex parameters $M_1$, $\mu$, and $A_t$. We give the analytic formulae for the decay distributions. We present numerical results for the asymmetries and estimate the event rates necessary to observe them. The largest $T$-odd asymmetry can be as large as 40%.

We present a calculation of subleading $1/m_b$ corrections to spectator effects in the ratios of beauty hadron lifetimes in heavy-quark expansion. We find that these effects are sizable and should be taken into account in systematic analyses of heavy hadron lifetimes. In particular, the inclusion of $1/m_b$ corrections brings into agreement the theoretical predictions and experimental observations of the ratio of lifetimes of ${\Lambda }_b$ baryon and $B_d$ meson. We obtain $\tau (B_u)/\tau (B_d)=1.06\pm 0.02$, $\tau (B_s)/\tau (B_d)=1.00\pm 0.01$, $\tau ({\Lambda }_b)/\tau (B_d)=0.86\pm 0.05$.

The Debye and Meissner screening masses of the gluons and the photon in neutral and $\beta$-equilibrated dense two-flavor quark matter are calculated. The results are presented in a general form that can be used in gapped as well as gapless color superconducting phases. The results for the magnetic screening masses indicate that the system develops a chromomagnetic instability. Possible consequences of the instability are discussed.

We use the effective chiral Lagrangian to analyze the phase diagram of two-flavor twisted mass lattice QCD as a function of the normal and twisted masses, generalizing previous work for the untwisted theory. We first determine the chiral Lagrangian including discretization effects up to next-to-leading order (NLO) in a combined expansion in which $m_{\pi }^2/(4\pi f_{\pi }{)}^2\sim a\Lambda$ ($a$ being the lattice spacing, and $\Lambda ={\Lambda }_{\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}}$). We then focus on the region where $m_{\pi }^2/(4\pi f_{\pi }{)}^2\sim (a\Lambda {)}^2$, in which case competition between leading and NLO terms can lead to phase transitions. As for untwisted Wilson fermions, we find two possible phase diagrams, depending on the sign of a coefficient in the chiral Lagrangian. For one sign, there is an Aoki phase for pure Wilson fermions, with flavor and parity broken, but this is washed out into a crossover if the twisted mass is nonvanishing. For the other sign, there is a first order transition for pure Wilson fermions, and we find that this transition extends into the twisted mass plane, ending with two symmetrical second order points at which the mass of the neutral pion vanishes. We provide graphs of the condensate and pion masses for both scenarios, and note a simple mathematical relation between them. These results may be of importance to numerical simulations.

The scalar heavy quark content of the nucleon, ${\mathcal{M}}_q=⟨N|m_q\overline{q}q|N⟩,$ is relevant for computing the interaction of dark matter candidates with ordinary matter, while ${\mathcal{M}}_s$ is important for predicting the properties of dense matter. We compute ${\mathcal{M}}_q$ in perturbative QCD to $\mathcal{O}({\alpha }^3).$ As one goes from ${\mathcal{M}}_t$ to ${\mathcal{M}}_c$ the leading order contribution decreases as the number of light quarks is dropping, while the radiative corrections grow and are all positive. The leading source of uncertainty in the calculation is due to the poorly known value of ${\mathcal{M}}_s.$ The Higgs-nucleon coupling is estimated to be $g_{hNN}\simeq 1.7\times {10}^{-3}.$

The charge radii and magnetic moments of all the light and strange baryons are investigated within the framework of a constituent-quark model based on Goldstone-boson-exchange dynamics. Following the pointform approach to relativistic quantum mechanics, the calculations are performed in a manifestly covariant manner. Relativistic (boost) effects have a sizeable influence on the results. The direct predictions of the constituent-quark model are found to fall remarkably close to the available experimental data.

Measurements of the production of high transverse momentum direct photons by a $515\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/c$ ${\pi }^{-}$ beam and 530 and $800\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/c$ proton beams in interactions with beryllium and hydrogen targets are presented. The data span the kinematic ranges of $3.5<p_T<12\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/c$ in transverse momentum and 1.5 units in rapidity. The inclusive direct-photon cross sections are compared with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations and expectations based on a phenomenological parton-$k_T$ model.

The results based on 1992–95 data (Run 1) from the CDF and D0 experiments on the measurements of the $W$ boson mass and width are presented, along with the combined results. We report a Tevatron collider average $M_W=80.456\pm 0.059\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$. We also report the Tevatron collider average of the directly measured $W$ boson width ${\Gamma }_W=2.115\pm 0.105\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$. We describe a new joint analysis of the direct $W$ mass and width measurements. Assuming the validity of the standard model, we combine the directly measured $W$ boson width with the width extracted from the ratio of $W$ and $Z$ boson leptonic partial cross sections. This combined result for the Tevatron is ${\Gamma }_W=2.135\pm 0.050\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$. Finally, we use the measurements of the direct total $W$ width and the leptonic branching ratio to extract the leptonic partial width $\Gamma (W\to e\nu )=224\pm 13\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$.

We have investigated the exclusive, radiative $B$ meson decays to $K_2^{*}(1430)$ in $89\times {10}^6$ $B\overline{B}$ events with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II storage ring. We measure the branching fractions $\mathcal{B}(B^0\to K_2^{*}(1430{)}^0\gamma )=(1.22\pm 0.25\pm 0.10)\times {10}^{-5}$ and $\mathcal{B}(B^{+}\to K_2^{*}(1430{)}^{+}\gamma )=(1.45\pm 0.40\pm 0.15)\times {10}^{-5}$, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. In addition, we measure the $CP$-violating asymmetry ${\mathcal{A}}_{CP}[B^0\to K_2^{*}(1430{)}^0\gamma ]=-0.08\pm 0.15\pm 0.01$.

We examine the variation of the fine structure constant in the context of a two-field quintessence model. We find that, for solutions that lead to a transient late period of accelerated expansion, it is possible to fit the data arising from quasar spectra and comply with the bounds on the variation of $\alpha$ from the Oklo reactor, meteorite analysis, atomic clock measurements, cosmic microwave background radiation, and big bang nucleosynthesis. That is more difficult if we consider solutions corresponding to a late period of permanent accelerated expansion.

We compute the low-temperature behavior of the specific heat of normal (non-color-superconducting) degenerate quark matter as well as that of an ultradegenerate electron gas. Long-range magnetic interactions lead to non-Fermi-liquid behavior with an anomalous leading $T\ln T^{-1}$ term. Depending on the thermodynamic potential used as a starting point, this effect appears as a consequence of the logarithmic singularity in the fermion self-energy at the Fermi surface or directly as a contribution from the only weakly screened quasistatic magnetic gauge bosons. We show that a calculation of Boyanovsky and de Vega claiming the absence of a leading $T\ln T^{-1}$ term missed it by omitting vector boson contributions to the internal energy. Using a formulation which collects all nonanalytic contributions in bosonic ring diagrams, we systematically calculate corrections beyond the well-known leading-log approximation. The higher-order terms of the low-temperature expansion turn out to also involve fractional powers $T^{(3+2n)/3}$ and we explicitly determine their coefficients up to and including order $T^{7/3}$ as well as the subsequent logarithmically enhanced term $T^3\ln (c/T)$. We derive also a hard-dense-loop resummed expression which contains the infinite series of anomalous terms to leading order in the coupling and which we evaluate numerically. At low temperatures, the resulting deviation of the specific heat from its value in naive perturbation theory is significant in the case of strongly coupled normal quark matter and thus of potential relevance for the cooling rates of (proto)neutron stars with a quark matter component.

We analyze the complete algebraic structure of the background field method for Yang-Mills theory in the Landau gauge and show several structural simplifications within this approach. In particular, we present a new way to study the IR behavior of Green functions in the Landau gauge and show that there exists a unique Green function whose IR behavior controls the IR properties of the gluon and the ghost propagators.

We present a toy model of a generic five-dimensional warped geometry in which the 4D graviton is not fully localized on the brane. Studying the tensor sector of metric perturbation around this background, we find that its contribution to the effective gravitational potential is of 4D type ($1/r$) at the intermediate scales and that at the large scales it becomes $1/r^{1+\alpha }$, $0<\alpha \le 1$ being a function of the parameters of the model ($\alpha =1$ corresponds to the asymptotically flat geometry). Large-distance behavior of the potential is therefore not necessarily five-dimensional. Our analysis applies also to the case of quasilocalized massless particles other than graviton.