We report measurements of time-dependent decay rates for $B^0\to D^{(*)-}{\pi }^{+}$ decays and extraction of $CP$ violation parameters that depend on ${\varphi }_3$. Using fully reconstructed $D^{(*)}\pi$ events and partially reconstructed $D^{*}\pi$ events from a data sample that contains $386\times {10}^6$ $B\overline{B}$ pairs that was collected near the ${\rm Y}(4S)$ resonance, with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric energy $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ collider, we obtain the $CP$ violation parameters $S^{+}(D^{(*)}\pi )$ and $S^{-}(D^{(*)}\pi )$. We obtain $S^{+}(D^{*}\pi )=0.049\pm 0.020(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.011(\mathrm{sys})$, $S^{-}(D^{*}\pi )=0.031\pm 0.019(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.011(\mathrm{sys})$, and $S^{+}(D\pi )=0.031\pm 0.030(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.012(\mathrm{sys})$, $S^{-}(D\pi )=0.068\pm 0.029(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.012(\mathrm{sys})$. These results are an indication of $CP$ violation in $B^0\to D^{*-}{\pi }^{+}$ and $B^0\to D^{-}{\pi }^{+}$ decays at the $2.5\sigma$ and $2.2\sigma$ levels, respectively. If we use the values of $R_{D^{(*)}\pi }$ that are derived using assumptions of factorization and SU(3) symmetry, branching fraction measurements for the $B\to D_s^{(*)}\pi$ modes, and lattice QCD calculations, we can restrict the allowed region of $|\sin (2{\varphi }_1+{\varphi }_3)|$ to be above 0.44 and 0.52 at 68% confidence level from the $D^{*}\pi$ and $D\pi$ modes, respectively.

Recent developments in string theory have reinforced the notion that the space of stable supersymmetric and nonsupersymmetric string vacua fills out a landscape whose features are largely unknown. It is then hoped that progress in extracting phenomenological predictions from string theory—such as correlations between gauge groups, matter representations, potential values of the cosmological constant, and so forth—can be achieved through statistical studies of these vacua. To date, most of the efforts in these directions have focused on type I vacua. In this note, we present the first results of a statistical study of the heterotic landscape, focusing on more than ${10}^5$ explicit nonsupersymmetric tachyon-free heterotic string vacua and their associated gauge groups and one-loop cosmological constants. Although this study has several important limitations, we find a number of intriguing features which may be relevant for the heterotic landscape as a whole. These features include different probabilities and correlations for different possible gauge groups as functions of the number of orbifold twists. We also find a vast degeneracy amongst nonsupersymmetric string models, leading to a severe reduction in the number of realizable values of the cosmological constant as compared with naïve expectations. Finally, we find strong correlations between cosmological constants and gauge groups which suggest that heterotic string models with extremely small cosmological constants are overwhelmingly more likely to exhibit the standard model gauge group at the string scale than any of its grand-unified extensions. In all cases, heterotic world sheet symmetries such as modular invariance provide important constraints that do not appear in corresponding studies of type I vacua.

We investigate the ultraviolet behavior of a class of $N=2$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills field theories which are built up in terms of $N=1$ superfields. Our results are obtained within the framework of the so-called algebraic renormalization technique of Becchi, Rouet, and Stora. Thanks to the algebraic renormalization setup, we have been able to write down the most general local counterterm functional which is compatible with all the classical symmetries of the model in the $N=1$ superspace. As a consequence of having parametrized both physical and unphysical renormalizations of the theory, we have also been able to present its corresponding Callan-Symanzik equation. In particular, due to the existence of a pair of linearly broken Ward identities, the nonrenormalization property of the gauge ghosts’ wave functions is also proven to occur in this broad class of $N=2$ supersymmetric gauge field models.

It is argued that many nonextremal black branes exhibit a classical Gregory-Laflamme (GL) instability. Why does the universal instability exist? To find an answer to this question and explore other possible instabilities, we study stability of black strings for all possible types of gravitational perturbation. The perturbations are classified into tensor-, vector-, and scalar-types, according to their behavior on the spherical section of the background metric. The vector and scalar perturbations have exceptional multipole moments, and we have paid particular attention to them. It is shown that for each type of perturbations there is no normalizable negative (unstable) modes, apart from the exceptional mode known as $s$-wave perturbation which is exactly the GL mode. We discuss the origin of instability and comment on the implication for the correlated-stability conjecture.

We find multiple relations between extremal black holes in string theory and 2- and 3-qubit systems in quantum information theory. We show that the entropy of the axion-dilaton extremal black hole is related to the concurrence of a 2-qubit state, whereas the entropy of the STU black holes, Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) as well as non-BPS, is related to the 3-tangle of a 3-qubit state. We relate the 3-qubit states with the string theory states with some number of $D$-branes. We identify a set of large black holes with the maximally entangled Greenberger, Horne, Zeilinger (GHZ) class of states and small black holes with separable, bipartite, and W states. We sort out the relation between 3-qubit states, twistors, octonions, and black holes. We give a simple expression for the entropy and the area of stretched horizon of small black holes in terms of a norm and 2-tangles of a 3-qubit system. Finally, we show that the most general expression for the black hole and black ring entropy in $N=8$ supergravity/M theory, which is given by the famous quartic Cartan $E_{7(7)}$ invariant, can be reduced to Cayley’s hyperdeterminant describing the 3-tangle of a 3-qubit state.

The origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe is one of the major unsolved problems in cosmology and particle physics. In this paper, we investigate the recently proposed possibility that split fermion models—extra dimensional models where the standard model fermions are localized to different points around the extra dimension—could provide a means to generate this asymmetry during the phase transition of the localizing scalars. After setting up the scenario that we consider, we use a single fermion toy model to estimate the reflection coefficients for scattering off the phase boundary using a more realistic scalar profile than previous work resulting in a different Kaluza-Klein spectrum. The value we calculate for $n_B/s$ is consistent with the mechanism being the source of the baryon asymmetry of our universe provided the $B-L$ violating processes have an efficiency of order ${10}^{-5}$.

We study the possibility that cosmological density perturbations are generated by the inhomogeneous decay of right-handed neutrinos. This will occur if a scalar field whose fluctuations are created during inflation is coupled to the neutrino sector. Robust predictions of the model are a detectable level of non-Gaussianity and, if standard leptogenesis is the source of the baryon asymmetry, a baryon isocurvature perturbations at the level of the present experimental constraints.

In the presence of background fields that spontaneously violate Lorentz invariance, a matter-antimatter asymmetry can be generated even in thermal equilibrium. In this paper we systematically investigate models of this type, showing that either high-energy or electroweak versions of baryogenesis are possible, depending on the dynamics of the Lorentz-violating fields. In addition to the previously studied models of spontaneous baryogenesis and quintessential baryogenesis, we identify two scenarios of interest: baryogenesis from a weak-scale pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson with intermediate-scale baryon-number violation, and sphaleron-induced baryogenesis driven by a constant-magnitude vector with a late-time phase transition.

The ratio of antielectron to total neutrino flux, ${\Phi }_{{\overline{\nu }}_e}:{\Phi }_{\nu }$, expected from $p\gamma$ interactions in astrophysical sources is $\le 1:15$. We point out that this ratio is enhanced by the decay of ${\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$ pairs, created by the annihilation of secondary high energy photons from the decay of the neutral pions produced in $p\gamma$ interactions. We show that, under certain conditions, the ${\Phi }_{{\overline{\nu }}_e}:{\Phi }_{\nu }$ ratio may be significantly enhanced in gamma-ray burst (GRB) fireballs, and that detection at the Glashow resonance of ${\overline{\nu }}_e$ in kilometer scale neutrino detectors may constrain GRB fireball model parameters, such as the magnetic field and energy dissipation radius.

In the dynamical gauge-Higgs unification of electroweak interactions in the Randall-Sundrum warped spacetime, the Higgs boson mass is predicted in the range 120–290 GeV, provided that the spacetime structure is determined at the Planck scale. Couplings of quarks and leptons to gauge bosons and their Kaluza-Klein excited states are determined by the masses of quarks and leptons. All quarks and leptons other than top quarks have very small couplings to the Kaluza-Klein excited states of gauge bosons. The universality of weak interactions is slightly broken by magnitudes of ${10}^{-8}$, ${10}^{-6}$, and ${10}^{-2}$ for $\mu$-$e$, $\tau$-$e$ and $t$-$e$, respectively. Yukawa couplings become substantially smaller than those in the standard model, by a factor $|\cos \frac{1}{2}{\theta }_W|$ where ${\theta }_W$ is the non-Abelian Aharonov-Bohm phase (the Wilson line phase) associated with dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking.

Weak scale supersymmetry is often said to be fine-tuned, especially if the matter content is minimal. This is not true if there is a large $A$ term for the top squarks. We present a systematic study on fine-tuning in minimal supersymmetric theories and identify low-energy spectra that do not lead to severe fine-tuning. Characteristic features of these spectra are: a large $A$ term for the top squarks, small top squark masses, moderately large $\tan \beta$, and a small $\mu$ parameter. There are classes of theories leading to these features, which are discussed. In one class, which allows a complete elimination of fine-tuning, the Higgsinos are the lightest among all the superpartners of the standard model particles, leading to three nearly degenerate neutralino/chargino states. This gives interesting signals at the LHC—the dilepton invariant mass distribution has a very small endpoint and shows a particular shape determined by the Higgsino nature of the two lightest neutralinos. We demonstrate that these signals are indeed useful in realistic analyses by performing Monte Carlo simulations, including detector simulations and background estimations. We also present a method that allows the determination of all the relevant superparticle masses without using input from particular models, despite the limited kinematical information due to short cascades. This allows us to test various possible models, which is demonstrated in the case of a model with mixed moduli-anomaly mediation. We also give a simple derivation of special renormalization group properties associated with moduli mediated supersymmetry-breaking, which are relevant in a model without fine-tuning.

We investigate the mass spectra of closed-charm mesons with $J^{PC}=1^{--}$, for hybrid charmonium, molecules, and diquark-antidiquark operators, in quenched lattice QCD with exact chiral symmetry. For two lattice volumes ${24}^3\times 48$ and ${20}^3\times 40$, each of 100 gauge configurations generated with single-plaquette action at $\beta =6.1$, we compute point-to-point quark propagators and measure the time-correlation functions of these exotic meson operators. For the molecular operator $\{(\overline{\mathbf{q}}{\gamma }_5{\gamma }_i\mathbf{c})(\overline{\mathbf{c}}{\gamma }_5\mathbf{q})-(\overline{\mathbf{c}}{\gamma }_5{\gamma }_i\mathbf{q})(\overline{\mathbf{q}}{\gamma }_5\mathbf{c})\}$, it detects a resonance with mass around $4238\pm 31\mathrm{MeV}$, which is naturally identified with $Y(4260)$. Further, for any molecular and diquark-antidiquark operator, it detects heavier exotic charmed mesons, with $(\mathbf{c}\mathbf{s}\overline{\mathbf{c}}\overline{\mathbf{s}})$ around $4450\pm 100\mathrm{MeV}$, and $(\mathbf{c}\mathbf{c}\overline{\mathbf{c}}\overline{\mathbf{c}})$ around $6400\pm 50\mathrm{MeV}$.

We present the next-to-next-to-leading order ($\alpha {\alpha }_s^2$) corrections to the first moment of the polarized virtual photon structure function $g_1^{\gamma }(x,Q^2,P^2)$ in the kinematical region ${\Lambda }^2\ll P^2\ll Q^2$, where $-Q^2(-P^2)$ is the mass squared of the probe (target) photon and $\Lambda$ is the QCD scale parameter. In order to evaluate the three-loop-level photon matrix element of the flavor singlet axial current, we resort to the Adler-Bardeen theorem for the axial anomaly and we calculate in effect the two-loop diagrams for the photon matrix element of the gluon operator. The $\alpha {\alpha }_s^2$ corrections are found to be about 3% of the sum of the leading order ($\alpha$) and the next-to-leading order ($\alpha {\alpha }_s$) contributions, when $Q^2=30\sim 100{\mathrm{GeV}}^2$ and $P^2=3{\mathrm{GeV}}^2$, and the number of active quark flavors $n_f$ is three to five.

On the basis of a fit to the Sivers effect in deep-inelastic scattering, we make predictions for single-spin asymmetries in the Drell-Yan process at BNL RHIC.

We present an improved measurement of the double helicity asymmetry for ${\pi }^0$ production in polarized proton-proton scattering at $\sqrt{s}=200\mathrm{GeV}$ employing the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The improvements to our previous measurement come from two main factors: Inclusion of a new data set from the 2004 RHIC run with higher beam polarizations than the earlier run and a recalibration of the beam polarization measurements for the earlier run, which resulted in reduced uncertainties and increased beam polarizations. The results are compared to a Next to Leading Order (NLO) perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD) calculation with a range of polarized gluon distributions.

We consider the chiral limit of QCD subjected to an imaginary isospin chemical potential. In the $ϵ$-regime of the theory we can perform precise analytical calculations based on the zero-momentum Goldstone modes in the low-energy effective theory. We present results for the spectral correlation functions of the associated Dirac operators.

In this paper we analyze the vacuum polarization effects associated with a massless scalar field in the higher-dimensional spacetime. Specifically we calculate the renormalized vacuum expectation value of the square of the field, $⟨{\Phi }^2(x){⟩}_{\mathrm{Ren}}$, induced by a global monopole in the “braneworld” scenario. In this context the global monopole lives in a $n=3$-dimensional submanifold of the higher-dimensional (bulk) spacetime, and our universe is represented by a transverse flat ($p-1$)-dimensional brane. In order to develop this analysis we calculate the general Green function admitting that the scalar field propagates in the bulk. Also a general curvature coupling parameter between the field and the geometry is assumed. We explicitly show that the vacuum polarization effects depend crucially on the values attributed to $p$. We also investigate the general structure of the renormalized vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor, $⟨T_{\mu \nu }(x){⟩}_{\mathrm{Ren}}$, for $p=3$.

Braneworld gravity is a model that endows physical space with an extra dimension. In the type II Randall-Sundrum braneworld gravity model, the extra dimension modifies the spacetime geometry around black holes, and changes predictions for the formation and survival of primordial black holes. We develop a comprehensive analytical formalism for far-field black hole lensing in this model, using invariant quantities to compute all the geometric optics lensing observables: bending angle, image position, magnification, centroid, and time delay. We then make the first analysis of wave optics in braneworld lensing, working in the semiclassical limit. Through quantitative examples we show that wave optics offers the only realistic way to observe braneworld effects in black hole lensing. We point out that if primordial braneworld black holes exist, have mass $M_{•}$, and contribute a fraction $f_{\mathrm{bh}}$ of the dark matter, then roughly $\sim 3\times {10}^5\times f_{\mathrm{bh}}(M_{•}/{10}^{-18}{M}_{\odot }{)}^{-1}$ of them lie within our Solar System. These objects, which we call “attolenses,” would produce interference fringes in the energy spectra of gamma-ray bursts at energies $E\sim 100(M_{•}/{10}^{-18}{M}_{\odot }{)}^{-1}\mathrm{MeV}$ (which will soon be accessible with the GLAST satellite). Primordial braneworld black holes spread throughout the Universe could produce similar interference effects. If they contribute a fraction ${\Omega }_{•}$ of the total energy density, the probability that gamma-ray bursts are “attolensed” is at least $\sim 0.1{\Omega }_{•}$. If observed, attolensing interference fringes would yield a simple upper limit on $M_{•}$. Detection of a primordial black hole with $M_{•}\lesssim {10}^{-19}{M}_{\odot }$ would challenge general relativity and favor the braneworld model. Further work on lensing tests of braneworld gravity must proceed into the physical optics regime, which awaits a description of the full spacetime geometry around braneworld black holes.

In this paper we include spin and multipole moment effects in the formalism used to describe the motion of extended objects recently introduced in hep-th/0409156. A suitable description for spinning bodies is developed and spin-orbit, spin-spin, and quadrupole-spin Hamiltonians are found at leading order. The existence of tidal as well as self-induced finite size effects is shown, and the contribution to the Hamiltonian is calculated in the latter. It is shown that tidal deformations start formally at $\mathcal{O}(v^6)$ and $\mathcal{O}(v^{10})$ for maximally rotating general and compact objects, respectively, whereas self-induced effects can show up at leading order. Agreement is found for the cases where the results are known.

We derive a long wavelength effective point-particle description of four-dimensional Schwarzschild black holes. In this effective theory, absorptive effects are incorporated by introducing degrees of freedom localized on the worldline that mimic the interaction between the horizon and bulk fields. The correlation functions of composite operators in this worldline theory can be obtained by standard matching calculations. For example, we obtain the low frequency two-point function of multipole worldline operators by relating them to the long wavelength graviton black hole absorptive cross section. The effective theory is then used to predict the leading effects of absorption in several astrophysically motivated examples, including the dynamics of nonrelativistic black hole binary inspirals and the motion of a small black hole in an arbitrary background geometry. Our results can be written compactly in terms of absorption cross sections, and can be easily applied to the dissipative dynamics of any compact object, e.g. neutron stars. The relation of our methodology to that developed in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence is discussed.