Cosmic ray interactions that produce high-energy neutrinos also inevitably generate high-energy gamma rays, which finally contribute to the diffuse high-energy gamma-ray background after they escape the sources. It was recently found that the high flux of neutrinos at $\sim 30\mathrm{TeV}$ detected by IceCube lead to a cumulative gamma-ray flux exceeding the Fermi isotropic gamma-ray background at 10–100 GeV, implying that the neutrinos are produced by hidden sources of cosmic rays, where GeV-TeV gamma rays are not transparent. Here we suggest that relativistic jets in tidal disruption events (TDEs) of supermassive black holes are such hidden sources. We consider the jet propagation in an extended, optically thick envelope around the black hole, which results from the ejected material during the disruption. While powerful jets can break free from the envelope, less powerful jets would be choked inside the envelope. The jets accelerate cosmic rays through internal shocks or reverse shocks and further produce neutrinos via interaction with the surrounding dense photons. All three TDE jets discovered so far are not detected by Fermi/LAT, suggesting that GeV-TeV gamma rays are absorbed in these jets. The cumulative neutrino flux from TDE jets can account for the neutrino flux observed by IceCube at PeV energies and may also account for the higher flux at $\sim 30\mathrm{TeV}$ if less powerful, choked jets are present in the majority of TDEs.

We present a numerical model for uniformly rotating superfluid neutron stars in a fully general relativistic framework with, for the first time, realistic microphysics including entrainment. We compute stationary and axisymmetric configurations of neutron stars composed of two fluids, namely superfluid neutrons and charged particles (protons and electrons), rotating with different rates around a common axis. Both fluids are coupled by entrainment, a nondissipative interaction which in the case of a nonvanishing relative velocity between the fluids causes the fluid momenta to be not aligned with the respective fluid velocities. We extend the formalism put forth by Comer and Joynt in order to calculate the equation of state (EOS) and entrainment parameters for an arbitrary relative velocity as far as superfluidity is maintained. The resulting entrainment matrix fulfills all necessary sum rules, and in the limit of small relative velocity our results agree with Fermi liquid theory ones derived to lowest order in the velocity. This formalism is applied to two new nuclear equations of state which are implemented in the numerical model, which enables us to obtain precise equilibrium configurations. The resulting density profiles and moments of inertia are discussed employing both EOSs, showing the impact of entrainment and the dependence on the EOS.

We present results for several light hadronic quantities ($f_{\pi }$, $f_K$, $B_K$, $m_{ud}$, $m_s$, $t_0^{1/2}$, $w_0$) obtained from simulations of $2+1$ flavor domain wall lattice QCD with large physical volumes and nearly physical pion masses at two lattice spacings. We perform a short, $\mathcal{O}(3)\%$, extrapolation in pion mass to the physical values by combining our new data in a simultaneous chiral/continuum “global fit” with a number of other ensembles with heavier pion masses. We use the physical values of $m_{\pi }$, $m_K$ and $m_{\mathrm{\Omega }}$ to determine the two quark masses and the scale—all other quantities are outputs from our simulations. We obtain results with subpercent statistical errors and negligible chiral and finite-volume systematics for these light hadronic quantities, including $f_{\pi }=130.2(9)\mathrm{MeV}$; $f_K=155.5(8)\mathrm{MeV}$; the average up/down quark mass and strange quark mass in the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ scheme at 3 GeV, 2.997(49) and 81.64(1.17) MeV respectively; and the neutral kaon mixing parameter, $B_K$, in the renormalization group invariant scheme, 0.750(15) and the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ scheme at 3 GeV, 0.530(11).

The inner structures of the multiquark states are an interesting subject in hadron physics, generally they may be in tetraquark states which are composed of colored constituents, or in molecular states which are composed of two color singlets, or their mixtures. Therefore, the mechanisms which bind the constituents in a unique system and induce the multiquark states to decay would be different in those cases. In this work, using the quantum mechanics we analyze the dynamical mechanisms inducing decays of the tetraquarks where $Y(4630)$ stands as an example for the study, we also comment on the molecular states without making numerical computations.

From black hole thermodynamics, the Bekenstein bound has been proposed as a universal thermal entropy bound. It has been further generalized to an entanglement entropy bound which is valid even in a quantum system. In a quantumly entangled system, the non-negativity of the relative entropy leads to the entanglement entropy bound. When the entanglement entropy bound is saturated, a quantum system satisfies the thermodynamicslike law with an appropriately defined entanglement temperature. We show that the saturation of the entanglement entropy bound accounts for a universal feature of the entanglement temperature proportional to the inverse of the system size. In addition, we show that the deformed modular Hamiltonian under a global quench also satisfies the generalized entanglement entropy boundary after introducing a new quantity called the entanglement chemical potential.

Force-free electrodynamics (FFE) is a nonlinear system of equations modeling the evolution of the electromagnetic field, in the presence of a magnetically dominated relativistic plasma. This configuration arises on several astrophysical scenarios which represent exciting laboratories to understand physics in extreme regimes. We show that this system, when restricted to the correct constraint submanifold, is symmetric hyperbolic. In numerical applications, it is not feasible to keep the system in that submanifold, and so it is necessary to analyze its structure first in the tangent space of that submanifold and then in a whole neighborhood of it. As has been shown [1], a direct (or naive) formulation of this system (in the whole tangent space) results in a weakly hyperbolic system of evolution equations for which well-posedness for the initial value formulation does not follow. Using the generalized symmetric hyperbolic formalism of Geroch [2], we introduce here a covariant hyperbolization for the FFE system. In fact, in analogy to the usual Maxwell case, a complete family of hyperbolizers is found, both for the restricted system on the constraint submanifold as well as for a suitably extended system defined in a whole neighborhood of it. A particular symmetrizer among the family is then used to write down the pertaining evolution equations, in a generic ($3+1$) decomposition on a background spacetime. Interestingly, it turns out that for a particular choice of the lapse and shift functions of the foliation, our symmetrized system reduces to the one found in [1]. Finally, we analyze the characteristic structure of the resulting evolution system.

In general, nonminimal models of the dark sector such as Dynamical Dark Matter posit the existence of an ensemble of individual dark components with differing masses, cosmological abundances, and couplings to the Standard Model. Perhaps the most critical among these features is the spectrum of masses, as this goes a long way towards determining the cosmological abundances and lifetimes of the corresponding states. Many different underlying theoretical structures can be imagined for the dark sector, each giving rise to its own mass spectrum and corresponding density of states. In this paper, by contrast, we investigate the spectrum of masses that emerges statistically from underlying processes which are essentially random. We find a density of states $n(m)$ which decreases as a function of mass and actually has an upper limit $m_{\max }$ beyond which $n(m)=0$. We also demonstrate that this “emergent” density of states is particularly auspicious from the perspective of the Dynamical Dark Matter framework, leading to cosmological abundances and decay widths that are suitably balanced against each other across the dark-matter ensemble. Thus randomness in the dark sector coexists quite naturally with Dynamical Dark Matter, and we examine the prospects for observing the signals of such scenarios in dark-matter indirect-detection experiments.

We use microwave temperature maps from two seasons of data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope at 146 GHz, together with the “Constant Mass” CMASS galaxy sample from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey to measure the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (kSZ) effect over the redshift range $z=0.4–0.7$. We use galaxy positions and the continuity equation to obtain a reconstruction of the line-of-sight velocity field. We stack the microwave temperature at the location of each halo, weighted by the corresponding reconstructed velocity. We vary the size of the aperture photometry filter used, thus probing the free electron profile of these halos from within the virial radius out to three virial radii, on the scales relevant for investigating the missing baryons problem. The resulting best fit kSZ model is preferred over the no-kSZ hypothesis at 3.3 and $2.9\sigma$ for two independent velocity reconstruction methods, using 25,537 galaxies over 660 square degrees. The data suggest that the baryon profile is shallower than the dark matter in the inner regions of the halos probed here, potentially due to energy injection from active galactic nucleus or supernovae. Thus, by constraining the gas profile on a wide range of scales, this technique will be useful for understanding the role of feedback in galaxy groups and clusters. The effect of foregrounds that are uncorrelated with the galaxy velocities is expected to be well below our signal, and residual thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich contamination is controlled by masking the most massive clusters. Finally, we discuss the systematics involved in converting our measurement of the kSZ amplitude into the mean free electron fraction of the halos in our sample.

We calculate dispersion relations for $\overline{D}(0^{-})$, ${\overline{D}}^{*}(1^{-})$, ${\overline{D}}_0^{*}(0^{+})$, and ${\overline{D}}_1(1^{+})$ mesons in the dual chiral density wave (DCDW), where the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken by inhomogeneous chiral condensate. Employing the Bloch’s theorem, we show that all the modes have opposite group velocity to the momentum in the low-momentum region, and the energy is minimized at nonzero momentum. Furthermore, the magnitude of momentum which realizes the minimum energy is equal to the wave number of the density wave.

The masses of cryptoexotic pentaquarks with hidden beauty are estimated phenomenologically using the results by the LHCb Collaboration which discovered recently the cryptoexotic pentaquarks with hidden charm. The expected masses of the hidden beauty pentaquarks are about 10.8 GeV and 10.7 GeV in the limit of some kind of heavy quark symmetry. The states with hidden strangeness considered in a similar way have masses of about 2.37 GeV and 2.30 GeV, several hundred MeV higher than states discussed previously in connection with the relatively light positive strangeness pentaquark ${\theta }^{+}$. Empirical data on the spectra of pentaquarks can be used to get information about quarkonia interaction with nucleons. The results obtained for the case of heavy flavors are in fair agreement with the model of isospin (pion) exchange between flavored baryons and antiflavored vector mesons proposed by Karliner and Rosner, and in qualitative agreement with the bound-state version of the chiral soliton model.

It is argued that the recent Belle data, consistent with no activity in the spectrum of the $B^{*}\overline{B}+B{\overline{B}}^{*}$ pairs at the mass of the $Z_b(10650)$ resonance, imply that the part of the interaction between heavy mesons that depends on the total spin of the light quark and antiquark is strongly suppressed. In particular, this part appears to be significantly weaker than can be inferred from pion exchange. If confirmed by future more detailed data, the symmetry with respect to the light quark spins, in combination with the heavy quark spin symmetry, would imply existence of four additional $I^G=1^{-}$ resonances at the thresholds for heavy meson-antimeson pairs.

We study the neutrino sector in a minimal $SU(3{)}_L\times U(1{)}_X$ model, in which its mass is generated at a one-loop level with the charged lepton mass, and hence, there exists a strong correlation between the charged-lepton mass and the neutrino mass. We identify the parameter region of this model to satisfy the current neutrino oscillation data as well as the constraints on lepton flavor violating processes. We also discuss a possibility to explain the muon anomalous magnetic moment.

We analyze the stability of the electroweak vacuum in neutrino mass models containing right-handed neutrinos or fermionic isotriplets. In addition to considering absolute stability, we place limits on the Yukawa couplings of new fermions based on metastability and thermal stability in the early Universe. Our results reveal that the upper limits on the neutrino Yukawa couplings can change significantly when the top quark mass is allowed to vary within the experimental range of uncertainty in its determination.

We use uniform matrix product states to study the ($1+1$)D $O(2)$ and $O(4)$ rotor models, which are equivalent to the Kogut-Susskind formulation of matter-free non-Abelian lattice gauge theory on a “Hawaiian earring” graph for $U(1)$ and $SU(2)$, respectively. Applying tangent space methods to obtain ground states and determine the mass gap and the $\beta$ function, we find excellent agreement with known results, locating the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition for $O(2)$ and successfully entering the asymptotic weak-coupling regime for $O(4)$. To obtain a finite local Hilbert space, we truncate in the space of generalized Fourier modes of the gauge group, comparing the effects of different cutoff values. We find that higher modes become important in the crossover and weak-coupling regimes of the non-Abelian theory, where entanglement also suddenly increases. This could have important consequences for tensor network state studies of Yang-Mills on higher-dimensional graphs.

With the dielectric function computed from the $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{CFT}$ correspondence, we studied the wake potential induced by a fast moving charge in a strong-coupling plasma and compared it with the weak-coupling wake potential for different particle velocities as $v=0.55c$ and $v=0.99c$. The most prominent difference between strong and weak wake potential is that, when $v=0.99c$, the remarkable oscillation due to Cerenkov-like radiation and the Mach cone in weak coupling disappears in strong coupling, which implies that the plasmon mode with phase velocity lower than the speed of light dose not exist in the strong-coupling plasma.

In the extended phase space, the $d$-dimensional singly spinning Kerr-anti–de Sitter black holes exhibit the van der Waals phase transition and reentrant phase transition. Since the black hole system is a single-characteristic-parameter system, we show that the form of the critical point can be uniquely determined by the dimensional analysis. When $d=4$, we get the analytical critical point. The coexistence curve and phase diagram are obtained. The result shows that the fitting form of the coexistence curve in the reduced parameter space is independent of the angular momentum. When $d=5–9$, the exact critical points are numerically solved. It demonstrates that when $d\ge 6$, there are two critical points. However, the small one does not participate in the phase transition. Moreover, the exact critical reentrant phase transition points are also obtained. All the critical points are obtained without any approximation.

The fourth post-Newtonian (4PN) two-body dynamics has been recently tackled by several different approaches: effective field theory, Arnowitt-Deser-Misner Hamiltonian, action-angle-Delaunay averaging, effective-one-body, gravitational self-force, first law of dynamics, and Fokker action. We review the achievements of these approaches and discuss the complementarity of their results. Our main conclusions are: (i) the results of the first complete derivation of the 4PN dynamics [T. Damour, P. Jaranowski, and G. Schäfer, Phys. Rev. D 89, 064058 (2014)] have been, piecewise, fully confirmed by several subsequent works; (ii) the results of the Delaunay-averaging technique [T. Damour, P. Jaranowski, and G. Schäfer, Phys. Rev. D 91, 084024 (2015)] have been confirmed by several independent works; and (iii) several claims in a recent harmonic-coordinates Fokker-action computation [L. Bernard et al., arXiv:1512.02876v2] are incorrect, but can be corrected by the addition of a couple of ambiguity parameters linked to subtleties in the regularization of infrared and ultraviolet divergences.