A search is performed for supernovalike neutrino interactions coincident with 76 gravitational wave events detected by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration. For 40 of these events, full readout of the time around the gravitational wave is available from the NOvA Far Detector. For these events, we set limits on the fluence of the sum of all neutrino flavors of $F<7(4)\times {10}^{10}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}$ at 90% C.L. assuming energy and time distributions corresponding to the Garching supernova models with masses $9.6(27){\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. Under the hypothesis that any given gravitational wave event was caused by a supernova, this corresponds to a distance of $r>29(50)\mathrm{kpc}$ at 90% C.L. Weaker limits are set for other gravitational wave events with partial Far Detector data and/or Near Detector data.

We explore the prospects for direct detection of dark energy by current and upcoming terrestrial dark matter direct detection experiments. If dark energy is driven by a new light degree of freedom coupled to matter and photons then dark energy quanta are predicted to be produced in the Sun. These quanta free-stream toward Earth where they can interact with Standard Model particles in the detection chambers of direct detection experiments, presenting the possibility that these experiments could be used to test dark energy. Screening mechanisms, which suppress fifth forces associated with new light particles, and are a necessary feature of many dark energy models, prevent production processes from occurring in the core of the Sun, and similarly, in the cores of red giant, horizontal branch, and white dwarf stars. Instead, the coupling of dark energy to photons leads to production in the strong magnetic field of the solar tachocline via a mechanism analogous to the Primakoff process. This then allows for detectable signals on Earth while evading the strong constraints that would typically result from stellar probes of new light particles. As an example, we examine whether the electron recoil excess recently reported by the XENON1T collaboration can be explained by chameleon-screened dark energy, and find that such a model is preferred over the background-only hypothesis at the $2.0\sigma$ level, in a large range of parameter space not excluded by stellar (or other) probes. This raises the tantalizing possibility that XENON1T may have achieved the first direct detection of dark energy. Finally, we study the prospects for confirming this scenario using planned future detectors such as XENONnT, PandaX-4T, and LUX-ZEPLIN.

We have developed a three dimensional interferometric beamforming technique for imaging lightning flashes using very-high frequency (VHF) radio data recorded from several hundred antennas with baselines up to 100 km as offered by the Low Frequency Array. The long baselines allow us to distinguish fine structures on the scale of meters, while the large number of antennas allow us to observe processes that radiate at the same intensity as the background when using a time resolution that is close to the impulse-response time of the system, 100 ns. The new beamforming imaging technique is complementary to our existing impulsive imaging technique. We apply this new tool to the imaging of four stepped negative leaders in two flashes. For one flash, we observe the dynamics of corona bursts that are emitted in the stepping process. Additionally, we show that the intensity emitted in VHF during the stepping process follows a power law over 4 orders of magnitude in intensity for four leaders in two different lightning storms.

Using neutron stars (NS) as a dark matter (DM) probe has gained broad attention recently; either from heating due to DM annihilation or its stability under the presence of DM. In this work, we investigate spin-$1/2$ fermionic DM $\chi$ charged under the $U(1{)}_X$ in the dark sector. The massive gauge boson $V$ of $U(1{)}_X$ gauge group can be produced in NS via DM annihilation. The produced gauge boson can decay into Standard Model (SM) particles before it exits the NS, despite its tiny couplings to SM particles. Thus, we perform a systematic study on $\chi \overline{\chi }\to 2V\to 4\mathrm{SM}$ as a new heating mechanism for NS in addition to $\chi \overline{\chi }\to 2\mathrm{SM}$ and kinetic heating from DM-baryon scattering. The self-trapping due to $\chi V$ scattering is also considered. We assume the general framework that both kinetic and mass mixing terms between $V$ and SM gauge bosons are present. This allows both vector and axial-vector couplings between $V$ and SM fermions even for $m_V\ll m_Z$. Notably, the contribution from axial-vector coupling is not negligible when particles scatter relativistically. We point out that the above approaches to DM-induced NS heating are not yet adopted in recent analyses. Detectabilities of the aforementioned effects to the NS surface temperature by the future telescopes are discussed as well.

The Wide Field-of-View Cherenkov Telescope Array (WFCTA) and the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) of LHAASO are designed to work in combination for measuring the energy spectra of the cosmic ray species over a very wide energy range from a few TeV to 10 PeV. The energy calibration can be achieved with a proven technique of measuring the westward shift of the Moon shadow cast by galactic cosmic rays due to the geomagnetic field. This deflection angle $\mathrm{\Delta }$ is inversely proportional to the cosmic ray rigidity. The precise measurement of the shifts by WCDA allows us to calibrate its energy scale for energies as high as 35 TeV. Through a set of commonly triggered events, the energy scales can be propagated to WFCTA. The energies of the events can be derived both by WCDA-1 and WFCTA with the median energies $23.4\pm 0.1\pm 1.3\mathrm{TeV}$ and ($21.9\pm 0.1\mathrm{TeV}$), respectively, which are consistent within uncertainties. In addition, the propagation of the energy scale is also validated by the Moon shadow based on the same data selection criteria of the commonly triggered events. This paper reports, for the first time, an observational measurement of the absolute energy scale of the primary cosmic rays generating showers observed by air Cherenkov telescopes.

We report here the results of a nonrelativistic effective field theory (EFT) WIMP search analysis using LUX data. We build upon previous LUX analyses by extending the search window to include nuclear recoil energies up to $\sim 180{\mathrm{keV}}_{\mathrm{nr}}$, requiring a reassessment of data quality criteria and background models. In order to use an unbinned profile likelihood statistical framework, the development of new analysis techniques to account for higher-energy backgrounds was required. With a $3.14\times {10}^4\mathrm{kg}·\mathrm{day}$ exposure using data collected between 2014 and 2016, we find our data is compatible with the background expectation and set 90% C.L. exclusion limits on nonrelativistic EFT WIMP-nucleon couplings, improving upon previous LUX results and providing constraints on a EFT WIMP interactions using the $\{\mathrm{neutron},\mathrm{proton}\}$ interaction basis. Additionally, we report exclusion limits on inelastic EFT WIMP-isoscalar recoils that are competitive and world-leading for several interaction operators.

The single-top production is an important process at the LHC to test the Standard Model and search for the new physics beyond the Standard Model. Although the complete next-to-next-to-leading order QCD correction to the single-top production is crucial, this calculation is still challenging at present. In order to efficiently reduce the next-to-next-to-leading order single-top amplitude, we improve the auxiliary mass flow method by introducing the $\epsilon$ truncation. For demonstration we choose one typical planar double-box diagram for the $tW$ production. It is shown that one coefficient of the form factors on its amplitude can be systematically reduced into the linear combination of 198 scalar integrals.

We present the first open-source analysis of fragmentation functions (FFs) of charged pions (entitled ipm-xfitter) performed at next-to-leading order (NLO) and next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) accuracy in perturbative QCD using the xfitter framework. This study incorporates a comprehensive and up-to-date set of pion production data from single-inclusive annihilation (SIA) processes, together with the most recent measurements of inclusive cross-sections of single pion by the BELLE collaboration. The determination of pion FFs along with their theoretical uncertainties is performed in the zero-mass variable-flavor number scheme (ZM-VFNS). We also present comparisons of our FFs set with recent fits from the literature. The resulting NLO and NNLO pion FFs provide valuable insights for applications in present and future high-energy analysis of pion final state processes.

In this article, we report on the computation of the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD corrections to $\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\to {\mu }^{-}{\overline{\nu }}_{\mu }{\mathrm{e}}^{+}{\nu }_{\mathrm{e}}\overline{b}b\overline{b}b$ at the LHC, which is an irreducible background to $\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\to t\overline{t}\mathrm{H}(\to b\overline{b})$. This is the first time that a full NLO computation for a $2\to 8$ process with 6 external strongly interacting partons is made public. No approximations are used, and all off-shell and interference effects are taken into account. Cross sections and differential distributions from the full computation are compared to results obtained by using a double-pole approximation for the top quarks. The difference between the full calculation and the one using the double-pole approximation is in general below 5% but can reach 10% in some regions of phase space.

Motivated by the recent search for a Higgs portal scalar decaying inside the MicroBooNE detector, we demonstrate that the same search can be used to constrain heavy neutral leptons. These are gauge-singlet fermions that interact with the Standard Model by mixing with neutrinos only and could be related to the origin of neutrino masses. By recasting the results of the MicroBooNE Collaboration’s analysis, we show that, for a heavy neutral lepton that mixes predominantly with muon-flavored neutrinos, previously unexplored parameter space can be excluded for masses between 30 and 150 MeV. Additionally, we make our Monte Carlo tools publicly available.

The background magnetic-field formalism of lattice QCD has been used recently to calculate the magnetic polarizability of the charged pion. These $n_f=2+1$ numerical simulations are electroquenched, such that the virtual sea-quarks of the QCD vacuum do not interact with the background field. To understand the impact of this, we draw on partially quenched chiral perturbation theory. In this case, the leading term proportional to $1/M_{\pi }$ arises at tree level from ${\mathcal{L}}_4$. To describe the results from lattice QCD, while maintaining the exact leading terms of chiral perturbation theory, we introduce a Padé approximant designed to reproduce the slow variation observed in the lattice QCD results. Two-loop contributions are introduced to assess the systematic uncertainty associated with higher-order terms of the expansion. Upon extrapolation, the magnetic polarizability of the charged pion at the physical pion mass is found to be ${\beta }_{{\pi }^{\pm }}=-1.70(14{)}_{\mathrm{stat}}(25{)}_{\mathrm{syst}}\times {10}^{-4}{\mathrm{fm}}^3$, in good agreement with the recent experimental measurement.

By using the covariant L-S scheme for the partial wave analysis, we deduce the ratios between the S-wave and D-wave contributions from the recent data of $\psi (1^{-})\to B_8(1/2^{+}){\overline{B}}_8(1/2^{-})$ from the BESIII Collaboration. For the $J/\psi \to \mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}$ and $J/\psi (\psi (2S))\to {\mathrm{\Sigma }}^{+}{\overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}}^{-}$, the ratios are fixed, and the average angular momenta are computed to estimate the effective radii of these processes. The results show that the effective radii of these decays of $J/\psi (\psi (2S))$ are very small, which are around 0.04 fm. Thus, it is a nice place to search excited baryon resonances with a lower spin in the decays of $J/\psi (\psi (2S))$. Furthermore, for the other $\psi (1^{-})\to B_8(1/2^{+}){\overline{B}}_8(1/2^{-})$ reactions, we propose some methods to get such effective radius.

The magnetic dipole moments of the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4200{)}^{+}$, $Z_{cs}(4000{)}^{+}$ and $Z_{cs}(4220{)}^{+}$ states are extracted in the framework of the light-cone QCD sum rules. In the calculations, we use the hadronic molecular form of interpolating currents and photon distribution amplitudes to get the magnetic dipole moments of the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4200{)}^{+}$, $Z_{cs}(4000{)}^{+}$ and $Z_{cs}(4220{)}^{+}$ tetraquark states. The magnetic dipole moments are obtained as ${\mu }_{Z_c}=0.66_{-0.25}^{+0.27}$, ${\mu }_{Z_c^1}=1.03_{-0.29}^{+0.32}$, ${\mu }_{Z_{cs}}=0.73_{-0.26}^{+0.28}$ and ${\mu }_{Z_{cs}^1}=0.77_{-0.25}^{+0.27}$ for the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4200{)}^{+}$, $Z_{cs}(4000{)}^{+}$ and $Z_{cs}(4220{)}^{+}$ states, respectively. We observe that the results obtained for the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4200{)}^{+}$, $Z_{cs}(4000{)}^{+}$ and $Z_{cs}(4220{)}^{+}$ states are large enough to be measured experimentally. As a by product, we predict the magnetic dipole moments of the neutral $Z_{cs}(4000)$ and $Z_{cs}(4220)$ states. The results presented here can serve to be helpful knowledge in experimental as well as theoretical studies of the properties of hidden-charm tetraquark states with and without strangeness.

We study the magnetic moments and transition magnetic moments of $P_c$ and $P_{cs}$ states in the molecular picture. We first revisit the magnetic moments of $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$, and $P_c(4457)$ as the $S$- wave molecular states without coupled channel effects. The coupled channel effects and the $D$- wave contributions are then investigated carefully. The coupled channel effects contribute to the change of 0.1∼0.4 nuclear magneton ${\mu }_N$ for most cases while the $D$ wave only induces the variation of less than $0.03{\mu }_N$. In addition, we obtain the transition magnetic moments between different $P_c$ states and the related electromagnetic decay widths of $P_c^{\prime }\to P_c\gamma$. The magnetic moments of $P_{cs}(4459)$ are much different for the assumption of spin being $1/2$ or $3/2$. The study of electromagnetic properties will help us disclose further the structure of these unconventional states.

The mass radius is a fundamental property of the proton that so far has not been determined from experiment. Here, we show that the mass radius of the proton can be rigorously defined through the form factor of the trace of the energy-momentum tensor (EMT) of QCD in the weak gravitational field approximation, as appropriate for this problem. We then demonstrate that the scale anomaly of QCD enables the extraction of the form factor of the trace of the EMT from the data on threshold photoproduction of $J/\psi$ and $\mathrm{\Upsilon }$ quarkonia, and use the recent GlueX Collaboration data to extract the rms mass radius of the proton ${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{m}}=0.55\pm 0.03\mathrm{fm}$. The extracted mass radius is significantly smaller than the rms charge radius of the proton ${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{c}}=0.8409\pm 0.0004\mathrm{fm}$. We attribute this difference to the interplay of asymptotic freedom and spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in QCD, and outline future measurements needed to determine the mass radius more precisely.

We present a phenomenological study of the single top (anti)quark production with leptonic decays at the Large Hadron Electron Collider at next-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD. We focus on various differential distributions in a fiducial region. The NLO corrections can reduce the fiducial cross section by 14%. We find that the NLO predictions exhibit strong stability under scale variations for most observables considered, while the scale variations at leading order dominate in the theoretical uncertainties. We propose a method of determining the top quark mass using the measurement of the average transverse momentum of the charged lepton. The scale variations at the NLO induce a theoretical uncertainty of about 1.3 GeV of the extracted top quark mass. The statistical error of the extracted top quark mass amounts to 1.1 GeV. We also investigate the impact of the QCD corrections and the scale variations in searches for the anomalous $Wtb$ couplings.

Using $2.93{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$ of $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ collision data collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV, we measure the absolute branching fractions of the decays $D^0\to K^{-}{e}^{+}{\nu }_e$ and $D^{+}\to {\overline{K}}^0{e}^{+}{\nu }_e$ to be $(3.567\pm 0.031_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm 0.025_{\mathrm{syst}})\%$ and $(8.68\pm 0.14_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm 0.16_{\mathrm{syst}})\%$, respectively. Starting with the process $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to D\overline{D}$, a new reconstruction method is employed to select events that contain candidates for both $D\to \overline{K}{e}^{+}{\nu }_e$ and $\overline{D}\to K{e}^{-}{\overline{\nu }}_e$ decays. The branching fractions reported in this work are consistent within uncertainties with previous BESIII measurements that selected events containing $D\to \overline{K}{e}^{+}{\nu }_e$ and hadronic $\overline{D}$ decays. Combining our results with the lifetimes of the $D^0$ and $D^{+}$ mesons and the previous BESIII measurements leads to a ratio of the two decay partial widths of $\frac{{\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}_{D^0\to K^{-}{e}^{+}{\nu }_e}}{{\overline{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}_{D^{+}\to {\overline{K}}^0{e}^{+}{\nu }_e}}=1.039\pm 0.021$. This ratio supports isospin symmetry in the $D^0\to K^{-}{e}^{+}{\nu }_e$ and $D^{+}\to {\overline{K}}^0{e}^{+}{\nu }_e$ decays within $1.9\sigma$.

We present the first inclusive measurements of the invariant and softdrop jet mass in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200\mathrm{GeV}$ at STAR. The measurements are fully corrected for detector effects, and reported differentially in both the jet transverse momentum and jet radius parameter. We compare the measurements to established leading-order Monte Carlo event generators and find that STAR-tuned pythia-6 reproduces the data, while LHC tunes of pythia-8 and herwig-7 do not agree with the data, providing further constraints on parameter tuning. Finally, we observe that softdrop grooming, for which the contribution of wide-angle nonperturbative radiation is suppressed, shifts the jet mass distributions into closer agreement with the partonic jet mass as determined by both pythia-8 and a next-to-leading-logarithmic accuracy perturbative QCD calculation. These measurements complement recent LHC measurements in a different kinematic region, as well as establish a baseline for future jet mass measurements in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC.

The process $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \varphi \mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}$ is studied using data samples collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII Collider at center of mass energies $\sqrt{s}$ ranging from 3.51 GeV to 4.60 GeV. An enhancement is observed near the threshold of $\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}$. The lineshape of this enhancement is studied in different approaches, including fit with a Breit-Wigner function or a reversed exponential function. The Breit-Wigner function has a mass of $(2262\pm 4\pm 28)\mathrm{MeV}/c^2$ and a width of $(72\pm 5\pm 43)\mathrm{MeV}$, where the quoted uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The rising rate of the reversed exponential function is measured as $33\pm 11\pm 6\mathrm{MeV}/c^2$. For the $\mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}$ system, the $J^{PC}$ quantum numbers of $0^{-+}$ and $0^{++}$ are rejected, while other $J^{PC}$ hypotheses are possible, according to the helicity-angle study. The energy-dependent cross section of the $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \varphi \mathrm{\Lambda }\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}$ process is measured for the first time in this energy region, and contributions from excited $\psi$ states and vector charmoniumlike $Y$-states are investigated.

We derive an explicit expression for the transition amplitude from black to white hole horizon at the end of Hawking evaporation using covariant loop quantum gravity.