- Open Access
Fine-tuning final state interactions model in the nuwro Monte Carlo event generator
Phys. Rev. D 113, 096023 – Published 29 May, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zsbh-z9td
Abstract
Recent experimental data from on transverse kinematics observables across four different nuclear targets—carbon, oxygen, iron, and lead—have been utilized to refine the modeling of final state interaction effects in the nuwro Monte Carlo neutrino event generator. For this purpose, we have developed an event reweighting tool for future applications to adjust the strength of final-state interactions. This study highlights the requirement for stronger nucleon reinteractions than previously assumed, but it still falls within the uncertainty range observed in a study comparing proton transparency measurements. This conclusion has significant implications for both experimental and theoretical work involving nuwro.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (46)
- L. Alvarez-Ruso, M. S. Athar, M. Barbaro et al., Nustec1 1neutrino scattering theory experiment collaboration http://nustec.fnal.gov. white paper: Status and challenges of neutrino–nucleus scattering, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 100, 1 (2018).
- T. Katori and M. Martini, Neutrino–nucleus cross sections for oscillation experiments, arXiv:1611.07770.
- B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. Acero et al., Volume I. Introduction to dune, J. Instrum. 15, T08008 (2020).
- B. Abi, R. Acciarri, M. A. Acero et al., Deep underground neutrino experiment (DUNE), far detector technical design report, volume II: Dune physics, arXiv:2002.03005.
- K. Abe, N. Akhlaq, R. Akutsu et al., Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters from the T2K experiment using protons on target, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 782 (2023).
- M. A. Acero, P. Adamson, L. Aliaga et al. (The NOvA Collaboration), Improved measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters by the nova experiment, Phys. Rev. D 106, 032004 (2022).
- P. Abratenko, D. Andrade Aldana, J. Anthony et al. (MicroBooNE Collaboration), First constraints on light sterile neutrino oscillations from combined appearance and disappearance searches with the MicroBooNE detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 011801 (2023).
- H. Gallagher and Y. Hayato (Particle Data Group), Monte Carlo neutrino generators, Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
- C. Andreopoulos, A. Bell, D. Bhattacharya et al., The genie neutrino monte carlo generator, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 614, 87 (2010).
- Y. Hayato and L. Pickering, The neut neutrino interaction simulation program library, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 230, 4469 (2021).
- O. Buss, T. Gaitanos, K. Gallmeister, H. van Hees, M. Kaskulov, O. Lalakulich, A. Larionov, T. Leitner, J. Weil, and U. Mosel, Transport-theoretical description of nuclear reactions, Phys. Rep. 512, 1 (2012).
- J. Sobczyk, NuWro: A Monte Carlo Neutrino Event Generator, https://github.com/NuWro/nuwro (2025), gitHub repository. Accessed: 2026-01-22.
- T. Golan, C. Juszczak, and J. T. Sobczyk, Final state interactions effects in neutrino-nucleus interactions, Phys. Rev. C 86, 015505 (2012).
- N. Metropolis, R. Bivins, M. Storm, A. Turkevich, J. M. Miller, and G. Friedlander, Monte Carlo calculations on intranuclear cascades. I. Low-energy studies, Phys. Rev. 110, 185 (1958).
- N. Metropolis, R. Bivins, M. Storm, J. M. Miller, G. Friedlander, and A. Turkevich, Monte Carlo calculations on intranuclear cascades. Ii. High-energy studies and pion processes, Phys. Rev. 110, 204 (1958).
- R. Serber, Nuclear reactions at high energies, Phys. Rev. 72, 1114 (1947).
- J. Isaacson, W. I. Jay, A. Lovato, P. A. N. Machado, and N. Rocco, Introducing a novel event generator for electron-nucleus and neutrino-nucleus scattering, Phys. Rev. D 107, 033007 (2023).
- V. R. Pandharipande and S. C. Pieper, Nuclear transparency to intermediate-energy nucleons from (e,e’p) reactions, Phys. Rev. C 45, 791 (1992).
- G.-Q. Li and R. Machleidt, Microscopic calculation of in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross-sections, Phys. Rev. C 48, 1702 (1993).
- K. Niewczas and J. T. Sobczyk, Nuclear transparency in Monte Carlo neutrino event generators, Phys. Rev. C 100, 015505 (2019).
- W. Filali, L. Munteanu, and S. Dolan, Benchmarking neutrino interaction models via a comparative analysis of kinematic imbalance measurements from the T2K, MicroBooNE, and MINERvA experiments, Phys. Rev. D 111, 032009 (2025).
- X.-G. Lu, D. Coplowe, R. Shah, G. Barr, D. Wark, and A. Weber, Reconstruction of energy spectra of neutrino beams independent of nuclear effects, Phys. Rev. D 92, 051302 (2015).
- X.-G. Lu, L. Pickering, S. Dolan, G. Barr, D. Coplowe, Y. Uchida, D. Wark, M. O. Wascko, A. Weber, and T. Yuan, Measurement of nuclear effects in neutrino interactions with minimal dependence on neutrino energy, Phys. Rev. C 94, 015503 (2016).
- J. Kleykamp, S. Akhter, Z. Ahmad Dar et al. ( Collaboration), Measurement of the dependence of the charged-current quasielasticlike cross section as a function of muon and proton kinematics at , Phys. Rev. D 112, 052005 (2025).
- C. Juszczak, J. A. Nowak, and J. T. Sobczyk, Simulations from a new neutrino event generator, Nucl. Phys. B, Proc. Suppl. 159, 211 (2006).
- O. Benhar, A. Fabrocini, and S. Fantoni, The nucleon spectral function in nuclear matter, Nucl. Phys. A505, 267 (1989).
- O. Benhar, A. Fabrocini, S. Fantoni, and I. Sick, Spectral function of finite nuclei and scattering of GeV electrons, Nucl. Phys. A579, 493 (1994).
- C. Juszczak, J. A. Nowak, and J. T. Sobczyk, Spectrum of recoil nucleons in quasi-elastic neutrino nucleus interactions, Eur. Phys. J. C 39, 195 (2005).
- S. Abe et al. (KamLAND Collaboration), First measurement of the strange axial coupling constant using neutral-current quasielastic interactions of atmospheric neutrinos at KamLAND, Phys. Rev. D 107, 072006 (2023).
- E. Marzec et al. ( Collaboration), First measurement of missing energy due to nuclear effects in monoenergetic neutrino charged-current interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 081801 (2025).
- R. D. Banerjee, A. M. Ankowski, K. M. Graczyk, B. E. Kowal, H. Prasad, and J. T. Sobczyk, Jlab spectral functions of argon in NuWro and their implications for MicroBooNE, Phys. Rev. D 109, 073004 (2024).
- H. Prasad, J. T. Sobczyk, A. M. Ankowski, J. L. Bonilla, R. D. Banerjee, K. M. Graczyk, and B. E. Kowal, New multinucleon knockout model in the NuWro Monte Carlo generator, Phys. Rev. D 111, 036032 (2025).
- Q. Yan, K. Niewczas, A. Nikolakopoulos et al., The Ghent hybrid model in NuWro: A new neutrino single-pion production model in the GeV regime, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 141.
- J. E. Sobczyk, J. Nieves, and F. Sánchez, Exclusive-final-state hadron observables from neutrino-nucleus multinucleon knockout, Phys. Rev. C 102, 024601 (2020).
- González-Jiménez et al., Electroweak single-pion production off the nucleon: from threshold to high invariant masses, Phys. Rev. D 95, 113007 (2017).
- Y. Yariv et al., Intra-nuclear cascade models at low energy?, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, edited by O. Bersillon et al. (EDP Sciences, Paris, 2008), p. 1125.
- H. De Vries, C. De Jager, and C. De Vries, Nuclear charge-density-distribution parameters from elastic electron scattering, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 36, 495 (1987).
- M. Tanabashi, K. Hagiwara, K. Hikasa et al. (Particle Data Group), Review of particle physics, Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018).
- J. Bystricky, P. La France, F. Lehar, F. Perrot, T. Siemiarczuk, and P. Winternitz, Energy dependence of nucleon-nucleon inelastic total cross-sections, J. Phys. (Les Ulis, Fr.) 48, 1901 (1987).
- D. Klakow, G. Welke, and W. Bauer, Nuclear flow excitation function, Phys. Rev. C 48, 1982 (1993).
- L. Zazueta, S. Akhter, Z. Ahmad Dar et al. ( Collaboration), Improved constraint on the medium energy neutrino flux using data, Phys. Rev. D 107, 012001 (2023).
- L. Aliaga, L. Bagby, B. Baldin et al., Design, calibration, and performance of the MINERvA detector, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 743, 130 (2014).
- A. P. Furmanski and J. T. Sobczyk, Neutrino energy reconstruction from one-muon and one-proton events, Phys. Rev. C 95, 065501 (2017).
- T. Nonnenmacher, Development of detectors and simulation method for measurement of hadrons from neutrino interactions, Ph.D. thesis, (Imperial College London, 2020), 10.25560/85985.
- R. Brun and F. Rademakers, ROOT: An object oriented data analysis framework, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 389, 81 (1997).
- https://github.com/NuWro/nuwro.git.