Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Multichannel phase space with Feynman-diagram-gauge amplitudes

Kaoru Hagiwara1, Junichi Kanzaki2,*, Fabio Maltoni3,4,5, Kentarou Mawatari6,7, and Ya-Juan Zheng8

  • *Contact author: junichi.kanzaki@gmail.com

Phys. Rev. D 114, 036002 – Published 26 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/zs7n-zxwr

Abstract

Multichannel phase space with a single Feynman diagram enhancement is a powerful tool for high-energy physics event generation if a diagram with a singular propagator dominates the total scattering amplitude at the corresponding singular kinematical region and when the interference among amplitudes is not larger than the square of each amplitude. These conditions are satisfied in the Feynman-diagram-gauge amplitudes for both unbroken (QED and QCD) and broken (electroweak) gauge theories. We illustrate the usefulness of this method in lepton collider processes that are challenging to accurately simulate at very high energies, i.e., ll¯→νlν¯ltt¯H, lν¯ltb¯H, and ll¯tt¯H, in the standard model effective field theory with a complex top-Yukawa coupling. The total cross sections of the latter two processes contain lepton-mass singularities arising from t-channel photon-exchange diagrams. To address this issue, we develop a phase-space parametrization that accurately generates the distributions of forward-emitted charged leptons. We modify the helas library to evaluate helicity amplitudes in the singular region so that vertices at very small invariant momentum square of order me2 can be accurately evaluated even at multi-TeV energies.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (55)

  1. J. M. Campbell et al., Event generators for high-energy physics experiments, SciPost Phys. 16, 130 (2024).
  2. S. Frixione, F. Maltoni, D. Pagani, and M. Zaro, Double neutral-current corrections to NLO electroweak leptonic cross sections, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2025) 224.
  3. S. Frixione, F. Maltoni, D. Pagani, and M. Zaro, Precision phenomenology at multi-TeV muon colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2025) 036.
  4. M. Ruhdorfer, E. Salvioni, and A. Wulzer, Building the case for forward muon detection at a muon collider, Phys. Rev. D 111, 053010 (2025).
  5. E. Byckling and K. Kajantie, Particle Kinematics (Wiley & Sons, London, 1973).
  6. R. Kleiss, W. J. Stirling, and S. D. Ellis, A new Monte Carlo treatment of multiparticle phase space at high-energies, Comput. Phys. Commun. 40, 359 (1986).
  7. R. Kleiss and R. Pittau, Weight optimization in multichannel Monte Carlo, Comput. Phys. Commun. 83, 141 (1994),
  8. C. G. Papadopoulos, Phegas: A phase space generator for automatic cross-section computation, Comput. Phys. Commun. 137, 247 (2001),
  9. A. van Hameren and C. G. Papadopoulos, A hierarchical phase space generator for QCD antenna structures, Eur. Phys. J. C 25, 563 (2002),
  10. F. Maltoni and T. Stelzer, madevent: Automatic event generation with madgraph, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2003) 027.
  11. M. L. Mangano, M. Moretti, F. Piccinini, R. Pittau, and A. D. Polosa, ALPGEN, a generator for hard multiparton processes in hadronic collisions, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2003) 001.
  12. T. Gleisberg, S. Hoeche, F. Krauss, A. Schalicke, S. Schumann, and J.-C. Winter, SHERPA 1. alpha: A proof of concept version, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2004) 056.
  13. B. P. Kersevan and E. Richter-Was, Improved phase space treatment of massive multi-particle final states, Eur. Phys. J. C 39, 439 (2005),
  14. A. van Hameren, Kaleu: A general-purpose parton-level phase space generator, arXiv:1003.4953.
  15. O. Mattelaer and K. Ostrolenk, Speeding up madgraph5_amc@nlo, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 435 (2021).
  16. A. J. Larkoski and T. Melia, Covariantizing phase space, Phys. Rev. D 102, 094014 (2020).
  17. M. D. Klimek and M. Perelstein, Neural network-based approach to phase space integration, SciPost Phys. 9, 053 (2020),
  18. E. Bothmann, T. Janßen, M. Knobbe, T. Schmale, and S. Schumann, Exploring phase space with neural importance sampling, SciPost Phys. 8, 069 (2020).
  19. C. Gao, J. Isaacson, and C. Krause, i-flow: High-dimensional integration and sampling with normalizing flows, Mach. Learn. Sci. Tech. 1, 045023 (2020).
  20. C. Gao, S. Höche, J. Isaacson, C. Krause, and H. Schulz, Event generation with normalizing flows, Phys. Rev. D 101, 076002 (2020).
  21. S. Badger et al., Machine learning and LHC event generation, SciPost Phys. 14, 079 (2023).
  22. T. Heimel, R. Winterhalder, A. Butter, J. Isaacson, C. Krause, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, and T. Plehn, MadNIS—Neural multi-channel importance sampling, SciPost Phys. 15, 141 (2023).
  23. E. Bothmann, T. Childers, W. Giele, F. Herren, S. Hoeche, J. Isaacson, M. Knobbe, and R. Wang, Efficient phase-space generation for hadron collider event simulation, SciPost Phys. 15, 169 (2023).
  24. T. Heimel, N. Huetsch, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, T. Plehn, and R. Winterhalder, The MadNIS reloaded, SciPost Phys. 17, 023 (2024).
  25. T. Heimel, O. Mattelaer, and R. Winterhalder, MadSpace: Event generation for the era of GPUs and ML, arXiv:2602.06895.
  26. T. Stelzer and W. F. Long, Automatic generation of tree level helicity amplitudes, Comput. Phys. Commun. 81, 357 (1994).
  27. J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, H. S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2014) 079.
  28. J. Alwall, P. Demin, S. de Visscher, R. Frederix, M. Herquet, F. Maltoni, T. Plehn, D. L. Rainwater, and T. Stelzer, madgraph/madevent v4: The new web generation, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2007) 028.
  29. J. Alwall, M. Herquet, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, and T. Stelzer, madgraph 5: Going Beyond, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2011) 128.
  30. K. Hagiwara, H. Murayama, and I. Watanabe, Search for the Yukawa interaction in the process e+e−→tt¯Z at TeV linear colliders, Nucl. Phys. B367, 257 (1991).
  31. H. Murayama, I. Watanabe, and K. Hagiwara, HELAS: HELicity amplitude subroutines for Feynman diagram evaluations, KEK-91-11 (1, 1992).
  32. P. de Aquino, W. Link, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, and T. Stelzer, ALOHA: Automatic libraries of helicity amplitudes for Feynman diagram computations, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183, 2254 (2012).
  33. K. Hagiwara, J. Kanzaki, and K. Mawatari, QED and QCD helicity amplitudes in parton-shower gauge, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 584 (2020).
  34. J. Chen, K. Hagiwara, J. Kanzaki, and K. Mawatari, Helicity amplitudes without gauge cancellation for electroweak processes, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 922 (2023); 84, 97(E) (2024).
  35. J. Chen, K. Hagiwara, J. Kanzaki, K. Mawatari, and Y.-J. Zheng, Helicity amplitudes in light-cone and Feynman-diagram gauges, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 139, 332 (2024).
  36. H. Furusato, K. Mawatari, Y. Suzuki, and Y.-J. Zheng, W-boson pair production at lepton colliders in the Feynman-diagram gauge, Phys. Rev. D 110, 053005 (2024).
  37. M. Chen and D. Liu, Top Yukawa coupling measurement at the muon collider, Phys. Rev. D 109, 075020 (2024).
  38. V. Barger, K. Hagiwara, and Y.-J. Zheng, CP-violating top-Higgs coupling in SMEFT, Phys. Lett. B 850, 138547 (2024).
  39. M. E. Cassidy, Z. Dong, K. Kong, I. M. Lewis, Y. Zhang, and Y.-J. Zheng, Probing the CP structure of the top quark Yukawa at the future muon collider, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 176.
  40. K. Hagiwara, J. Kanzaki, O. Mattelaer, K. Mawatari, and Y.-J. Zheng, Automatic generation of helicity amplitudes in the Feynman-diagram gauge, Phys. Rev. D 110, 056024 (2024).
  41. G. P. Lepage, A new algorithm for adaptive multidimensional integration, J. Comput. Phys. 27, 192 (1978).
  42. S. Kawabata, A New version of the multidimensional integration and event generation package BASES/SPRING, Comput. Phys. Commun. 88, 309 (1995).
  43. K. Hagiwara, H. Iwasaki, A. Miyamoto, H. Murayama, and D. Zeppenfeld, Single weak boson production at TeV e+e− colliders, Nucl. Phys. B365, 544 (1991).
  44. C. Becchi, A. Rouet, and R. Stora, Renormalization of gauge theories, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 98, 287 (1976).
  45. I. V. Tyutin, Gauge invariance in field theory and statistical physics in operator formalism, arXiv:0812.0580.
  46. R. D. Peccei, S. Peris, and X. Zhang, Nonstandard couplings of the top quark and precision measurements of the electroweak theory, Nucl. Phys. B349, 305 (1991).
  47. X. Zhang, S. K. Lee, K. Whisnant, and B. L. Young, Phenomenology of a nonstandard top quark Yukawa coupling, Phys. Rev. D 50, 7042 (1994).
  48. K. Whisnant, B.-L. Young, and X. Zhang, Unitarity and anomalous top quark Yukawa couplings, Phys. Rev. D 52, 3115 (1995).
  49. Z. Liu, K.-F. Lyu, I. Mahbub, and L.-T. Wang, Top Yukawa coupling determination at high energy muon collider, Phys. Rev. D 109, 035021 (2024).
  50. K. Hagiwara, H. Yokoya, and Y.-J. Zheng, Probing the CP properties of top Yukawa coupling at an e+e− collider, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2018) 180.
  51. W. J. Stirling and D. J. Summers, Production of an intermediate mass Higgs boson in association with a single top quark at LHC and SSC, Phys. Lett. B 283, 411 (1992).
  52. G. Bordes and B. van Eijk, On the associate production of a neutral intermediate mass Higgs boson with a single top quark at the LHC and SSC, Phys. Lett. B 299, 315 (1993).
  53. F. Demartin, F. Maltoni, K. Mawatari, and M. Zaro, Higgs production in association with a single top quark at the LHC, Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 267 (2015).
  54. J. Ellis, TikZ-Feynman: Feynman diagrams with TikZ, Comput. Phys. Commun. 210, 103 (2017).
  55. M. Dohse, TikZ-FeynHand: Basic user guide, arXiv:1802.00689.

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation