Letter
Open Access

Proper constituent gluon mass as the final piece to construct hybrid mesons

Zi-Xuan Ma¹, Qi Huang^1,*, Rui Chen ^2,3,†, Li-Ming Wang^4,‡, Yue Tan^5,§, Xiao-Huang Hu^6,∥, Jun He¹, and Hong-Xia Huang ¹

¹Department of Physics and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
²Hunan Research Center of the Basic Discipline for Quantum Effects and Quantum Technologies, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
³Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
⁴Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
⁵Department of Physics, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224000, China
⁶Department of Physics, Changzhou Institute of Industry Technology, Changzhou 213164, China

^*Contact author: 06289@njnu.edu.cn
^†Contact author: chenrui@hunnu.edu.cn
^‡Contact author: lmwang@ysu.edu.cn
^§Contact author: 181001003@njnu.edu.cn
^∥Contact author: 201001002@njnu.edu.cn

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Phys. Rev. D 112, L111503 – Published 10 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yq7l-jmyg

Abstract

In this Letter, we propose that a proper constituent gluon mass $m_{g} = 450 MeV$ can be applied to identify the hybrids composed of quarks and gluons. By investigating the spectra and decay widths of the light hybrids $(q \bar{q} g)$ with $J^{P} = 1^{- +}$ , we find the $π_{1} (1600)$ and $η_{1} (1855)$ may not be explained as $1^{- +}$ hybrids, simultaneously, and the $η_{1} (1855)$ observed by BESIII may not be a hybrid. In addition, we predict an existence of a hybrid $η_{1} (1640)$ , which can be verified by searching the $a_{1} (1260) π$ channel. Moreover, we suggest the $K_{1} (1270) \bar{K}$ and $K_{1} (1270) π$ as the golden channels to search for isospin-0 and isospin- $\frac{1}{2}$ hybrids, respectively.

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References (98)

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See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/yq7l-jmyg for details of the model and the numerical results, and a discussion on the impact of constituent gluon mass on the spectra of hybrid.
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Phys. Rev. D 112, L111503– Published 10 December, 2025

Vol. 112, Iss. 11 — 1 December 2025

Received 28 May 2025
Accepted 19 November 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yq7l-jmyg

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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Proper constituent gluon mass as the final piece to construct hybrid mesons

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