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Gravitational form factors and mechanical properties of the nucleon in a meson dominance approach

Wojciech Broniowski1,2,* and Enrique Ruiz Arriola3,†

  • *Contact author: Wojciech.Broniowski@ifj.edu.pl
  • †Contact author: earriola@ugr.es
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 054028 – Published 15 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ylml-mrlh

Abstract

We analyze the gravitational form factors and mechanical properties of the nucleon, focusing both on some general issues, as well as on modeling with meson dominance. We show that the lattice QCD results for the nucleon gravitational form factors at mπ=170  MeV, available for spacelike momentum transfer squared up to 2 GeV, are explained in a natural way within the meson dominance approach. We carry out the proper Raman spin decomposition of the energy-momentum tensor and in each spin channel use a minimum number of resonances consistent with the perturbative QCD short-distance constraints. These constraints are related to the superconvergence sum rules, following from the asymptotic perturbative QCD falloff of the form factors. The value of the nucleon D-term following from the fits is −3.0(4). Next, we obtain the two-dimensional transverse gravitational densities of the nucleon in the transverse coordinate b. With the superconvergence sum rules, we derive new sum rules for these densities at the origin and for their derivatives, involving logarithmic weighting in the corresponding spectral density integrals. From analysis of the threshold behavior in the timelike region and the properties of the ππ→NN¯ reaction, we infer the behavior of the transverse densities at asymptotically large coordinates. We also carry out the meson dominance analysis of the two- and three-dimensional mechanical properties of the nucleon (the pressure and stress) and explore their connection to the spectral densities via dispersion relations.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 054028– Published 15 September, 2025
  • Received 17 March 2025
  • Accepted 13 August 2025
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