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Modular TM1 mixing in light of precision measurement in JUNO

Wen-Hao Jiang1,2,3,*, Ruiwen Ouyang1,†, and Ye-Ling Zhou1,‡

  • *Contact author: jiangwenhao25@mails.ucas.ac.cn
  • †Contact author: ruiwen.ouyang@ucas.ac.cn
  • ‡Contact author: zhouyeling@ucas.ac.cn
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 055031 – Published 17 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xv4x-gly8

Abstract

This paper investigates the landscape of models based on modular S4 symmetry that predicts the trimaximal TM1 mixing pattern for leptonic flavor mixing, and explores their parameter spaces with constraints from the latest high-precision measurement on θ12 and Δm212 given by the JUNO experiment. We review how the mixing pattern arises from residual symmetries after the spontaneous breaking of a flavor symmetry, via an appropriate vacuum alignment of modular fields and flavon fields. We show three different models that realize the TM1 in three approaches with the same symmetry structure. Due to different model building strategies used, predictions on the relations between the lightest neutrino mass and the effective Majorana mass in neutrinoless double beta decay are different, making them distinguishable.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 055031– Published 17 September, 2026
  • Received 28 January 2026
  • Accepted 24 June 2026
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