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Upper limits on the isotropic gravitational-wave background from the first part of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA’s fourth observing run

A. G. Abac1, I. Abouelfettouh2, F. Acernese3,4, K. Ackley5, C. Adamcewicz6, S. Adhicary7, D. Adhikari8,9, N. Adhikari10, R. X. Adhikari11 et al. (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and the KAGRA Collaboration)

R. X. Adhikari11, V. K. Adkins12, S. Afroz13, A. Agapito14, D. Agarwal15, M. Agathos16, N. Aggarwal17, S. Aggarwal18, O. D. Aguiar19, I.-L. Ahrend20, L. Aiello21,22, A. Ain23, P. Ajith24, T. Akutsu25,26, S. Albanesi27,28, W. Ali29,30, S. Al-Kershi8,9, C. Alléné31, A. Allocca32,4, S. Al-Shammari33, P. A. Altin34, S. Alvarez-Lopez35, W. Amar31, O. Amarasinghe33, A. Amato36,37, F. Amicucci38,39, C. Amra40, A. Ananyeva11, S. B. Anderson11, W. G. Anderson11, M. Andia41, M. Ando42, M. Andrés-Carcasona43, T. Andrić44,45,8,9, J. Anglin46, S. Ansoldi47,48, J. M. Antelis49, S. Antier41, M. Aoumi50, E. Z. Appavuravther51,52, S. Appert11, S. K. Apple53, K. Arai11, A. Araya42, M. C. Araya11, M. Arca Sedda44,45, J. S. Areeda54, N. Aritomi2, F. Armato29,30, S. Armstrong55, N. Arnaud56, M. Arogeti57, S. M. Aronson12, G. Ashton58, Y. Aso25,59, L. Asprea28, M. Assiduo60,61, S. Assis de Souza Melo62, S. M. Aston63, P. Astone38, F. Attadio39,38, F. Aubin64, K. AultONeal65, G. Avallone66, E. A. Avila49, S. Babak20, C. Badger67, S. Bae68, S. Bagnasco28, L. Baiotti69, R. Bajpai70, T. Baka71,37, A. M. Baker6, K. A. Baker72, T. Baker73, G. Baldi74,75, N. Baldicchi76,51, M. Ball77, G. Ballardin62, S. W. Ballmer78, S. Banagiri6, B. Banerjee44, D. Bankar79, T. M. Baptiste12, P. Baral10, M. Baratti80,81, J. C. Barayoga11, B. C. Barish11, D. Barker2, N. Barman79, P. Barneo82,83,84, F. Barone85,4, B. Barr86, L. Barsotti35, M. Barsuglia20, D. Barta87, A. M. Bartoletti88, M. A. Barton86, I. Bartos46, A. Basalaev8,9, R. Bassiri89, A. Basti81,80, M. Bawaj76,51, P. Baxi90, J. C. Bayley86, A. C. Baylor10, P. A. Baynard, II57, M. Bazzan91,92, V. M. Bedakihale93, F. Beirnaert94, M. Bejger95, D. Belardinelli22, A. S. Bell86, D. S. Bellie96, L. Bellizzi80,81, W. Benoit18, I. Bentara56, J. D. Bentley97, M. Ben Yaala55, S. Bera98,99, F. Bergamin33, B. K. Berger89, S. Bernuzzi27, M. Beroiz11, D. Bersanetti29, T. Bertheas100, A. Bertolini37,36, J. Betzwieser63, D. Beveridge72, G. Bevilacqua101, N. 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Locquet109, S. C. G. Loggins265, M. R. Loizou132, L. T. London67, A. Longo60,61, D. Lopez165, M. Lopez Portilla71, A. Lorenzo-Medina177, V. Loriette41, M. Lormand63, G. Losurdo266,80, E. Lotti132, T. P. Lott, IV57, J. D. Lough8,9, H. A. Loughlin35, C. O. Lousto110, N. Low123, N. Lu34, L. Lucchesi80, H. Lück9,8, D. Lumaca22, A. P. Lundgren267,268, A. W. Lussier258, R. Macas73, M. MacInnis35, D. M. Macleod33, I. A. O. MacMillan11, A. Macquet41, K. Maeda151, S. Maenaut109, S. S. Magare79, R. M. Magee11, E. Maggio1, R. Maggiore37,107, M. Magnozzi29,30, M. Mahesh97, M. Maini163, S. Majhi79, E. Majorana39,38, C. N. Makarem11, D. Malakar105, J. A. Malaquias-Reis19, U. Mali189, S. Maliakal11, A. Malik103, L. Mallick168,189, A.-K. Malz58, N. Man113, M. Mancarella99, V. Mandic18, V. Mangano170,155, B. Mannix77, G. L. Mansell78, M. Manske10, M. Mantovani62, M. Mapelli91,92,269, C. Marinelli101, F. Marion31, A. S. Markosyan89, A. Markowitz11, E. Maros11, S. Marsat100, F. Martelli60,61, I. W. Martin86, R. M. Martin192, B. B. Martinez130, D. A. Martinez54, M. Martinez43,270, V. Martinez128, A. Martini74,75, J. C. Martins19, D. V. Martynov118, E. J. Marx35, L. Massaro36,37, A. Masserot31, M. Masso-Reid86, S. Mastrogiovanni38, T. Matcovich51, M. Matiushechkina8,9, L. Maurin208, N. Mavalvala35, N. Maxwell2, G. McCarrol63, R. McCarthy2, D. E. McClelland34, S. McCormick63, L. McCuller11, S. McEachin122, C. McElhenny122, G. I. McGhee86, K. B. M. McGowan143, J. McIver114, A. McLeod72, I. McMahon188, T. McRae34, R. McTeague86, D. Meacher10, B. N. Meagher78, R. Mechum110, Q. Meijer71, A. Melatos123, C. S. Menoni136, F. Mera2, R. A. Mercer10, L. Mereni175, K. Merfeld162, E. L. Merilh63, J. R. Mérou98, J. D. Merritt77, M. Merzougui113, C. Messick10, B. Mestichelli44, M. Meyer-Conde271, P. M. Meyers148, F. Meylahn8,9, A. Mhaske79, A. Miani74,75, H. Miao272, C. Michel175, Y. Michimura42, H. Middleton118, D. P. Mihaylov104, S. J. Miller11, M. Millhouse57, E. Milotti184,48, V. Milotti91, Y. Minenkov22, E. M. Minihan65, Ll. M. Mir43, L. Mirasola155,156, M. Miravet-Tenés137, C.-A. Miritescu43, A. Mishra24, C. Mishra106, T. Mishra46, A. L. Mitchell37,107, J. G. Mitchell65, S. Mitra79, V. P. Mitrofanov108, K. Mitsuhashi25, R. Mittleman35, O. Miyakawa50, S. Miyoki50, A. Miyoko65, G. Mo35, L. Mobilia60,61, S. R. P. Mohapatra11, S. R. Mohite7, M. Molina-Ruiz206, M. Mondin180, M. Montani60,61, C. J. Moore223, D. Moraru2, A. More79, S. More79, C. Moreno134, E. A. Moreno35, G. Moreno2, A. Moreso Serra82, S. Morisaki42,203, Y. Moriwaki151, G. Morras207, A. Moscatello91, M. Mould35, B. Mours64, C. M. Mow-Lowry37,107, L. Muccillo176,61, F. Muciaccia39,38, D. Mukherjee118, S. Mukherjee24, S. Mukherjee164, S. Mukherjee93, S. Mukherjee13, N. Mukund35, A. Mullavey63, H. Mullock114, J. Mundi219, C. L. Mungioli72, M. Murakoshi229, P. G. Murray86, D. Nabari74,75, S. L. Nadji8,9, A. Nagar28,273, N. Nagarajan86, K. Nakagaki50, K. Nakamura25, H. Nakano274, M. Nakano11, D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze43, D. Nandi12, V. Napolano62, P. Narayan215, I. Nardecchia22, T. Narikawa203, H. Narola71, L. Naticchioni38, R. K. Nayak259, L. Negri71, A. Nela86, C. Nelle77, A. Nelson130, T. J. N. Nelson63, M. Nery8,9, A. Neunzert2, S. Ng54, L. Nguyen Quynh275, S. A. Nichols12, A. B. Nielsen276, Y. Nishino25,42, A. Nishizawa277, S. Nissanke278,37, W. Niu7, F. Nocera62, J. Noller279, M. Norman33, C. North33, J. Novak116,233,280, R. Nowicki143, J. F. Nuño Siles207, L. K. Nuttall73, K. Obayashi229, J. Oberling2, J. O’Dell228, E. Oelker35, M. Oertel233,116,281,280, G. Oganesyan44,45, T. O’Hanlon63, M. Ohashi50, F. Ohme8,9, R. Oliveri116,281,280, R. Omer18, B. O’Neal122, M. Onishi151, K. Oohara282, B. O’Reilly63, M. Orselli51,76, R. O’Shaughnessy110, S. O’Shea86, S. Oshino50, C. Osthelder11, I. Ota12, D. J. Ottaway115, A. Ouzriat56, H. Overmier63, B. J. Owen283, R. Ozaki229, A. E. Pace7, R. Pagano12, M. A. Page25, A. Pai194, L. Paiella44, A. Pal284, S. Pal259, M. A. Palaia80,81, M. Pálfi202, P. P. Palma39,21,22, C. Palomba38, P. Palud20, H. Pan141, J. Pan72, K. C. Pan141, P. K. Panda232, S. Pandey7, S. Pandey35, P. T. H. Pang37,71, F. Pannarale39,38, K. A. Pannone54, B. C. Pant103, F. H. Panther72, M. Panzeri60,61, F. Paoletti80, A. Paolone38,285, A. Papadopoulos86, E. E. Papalexakis210, L. Papalini80,81, G. Papigkiotis250, A. Paquis41, A. Parisi76,51, B.-J. Park245, J. Park286, W. Parker63, G. Pascale8,9, D. Pascucci94, A. Pasqualetti62, R. Passaquieti81,80, L. Passenger6, D. Passuello80, O. Patane2, A. V. Patel140, D. Pathak79, A. Patra33, B. Patricelli81,80, B. G. Patterson33, K. Paul106, S. Paul77, E. Payne11, T. Pearce33, M. Pedraza11, A. Pele11, F. E. Peña Arellano287, X. Peng118, Y. Peng57, S. Penn288, M. D. Penuliar54, A. Perego74,75, Z. Pereira132, C. Périgois289,92,91, G. Perna91, A. Perreca74,75,44, J. Perret20, S. Perriès56, J. W. Perry37,107, D. Pesios250, S. Peters165, S. Petracca205, C. Petrillo76, H. P. Pfeiffer1, H. Pham63, K. A. Pham18, K. S. Phukon118, H. Phurailatpam218, M. Piarulli100, L. Piccari39,38, O. J. Piccinni34, M. Pichot113, M. Piendibene81,80, F. Piergiovanni60,61, L. Pierini38, G. Pierra38, V. Pierro290,131, M. Pietrzak95, M. Pillas165, F. Pilo80, L. Pinard175, I. M. Pinto290,131,291,32, M. Pinto62, B. J. Piotrzkowski10, M. Pirello2, M. D. Pitkin223,86, A. Placidi51, E. Placidi39,38, M. L. Planas98, W. Plastino211,22, C. Plunkett35, R. Poggiani81,80, E. Polini35, J. Pomper80,81, L. Pompili1, J. Poon218, E. Porcelli37, E. K. Porter20, C. Posnansky7, R. Poulton62, J. Powell154, G. S. Prabhu79, M. Pracchia165, B. K. Pradhan79, T. Pradier64, A. K. Prajapati93, K. Prasai292, R. Prasanna232, P. Prasia79, G. Pratten118, G. Principe184,48, G. A. Prodi74,75, P. Prosperi80, P. Prosposito21,22, A. C. Providence65, A. Puecher1, J. Pullin12, P. Puppo38, M. Pürrer163, H. Qi16, J. Qin34, G. Quéméner173,116, V. Quetschke164, P. J. Quinonez65, N. Qutob57, R. Rading230, I. Rainho137, S. Raja103, C. Rajan103, B. Rajbhandari110, K. E. Ramirez63, F. A. Ramis Vidal98, M. Ramos Arevalo164, A. Ramos-Buades98,37, S. Ranjan57, K. Ransom63, P. Rapagnani39,38, B. Ratto65, A. Ravichandran132, A. Ray96, V. Raymond33, M. Razzano81,80, J. Read54, T. Regimbau31, S. Reid55, C. Reissel35, D. H. Reitze11, A. I. Renzini126,11, B. Revenu293,41, A. Revilla Peña82, R. Reyes180, L. Ricca15, F. Ricci39,38, M. Ricci38,39, A. Ricciardone81,80, J. Rice78, J. W. Richardson210, M. L. Richardson115, A. Rijal65, K. Riles90, H. K. Riley33, S. Rinaldi269, J. Rittmeyer97, C. Robertson228, F. Robinet41, M. Robinson2, A. Rocchi22, L. Rolland31, J. G. Rollins11, A. E. Romano294, J. D. Romano321, R. Romano3,4, A. Romero31, I. M. Romero-Shaw223, J. H. Romie63, S. Ronchini7, T. J. Roocke115, L. Rosa4,32, T. J. Rosauer210, C. A. Rose57, D. Rosińska124, M. P. Ross53, M. Rossello-Sastre98, S. Rowan86, S. K. Roy190,191, S. Roy15, D. Rozza126,127, P. Ruggi62, N. Ruhama238, E. Ruiz Morales295,207, K. Ruiz-Rocha143, S. Sachdev57, T. Sadecki2, P. Saffarieh37,107, S. Safi-Harb168, M. R. Sah13, S. Saha141, T. Sainrat64, S. Sajith Menon214,39,38, K. Sakai296, Y. Sakai271, M. Sakellariadou67, S. Sakon7, O. S. Salafia158,127,126, F. Salces-Carcoba11, L. Salconi62, M. Saleem147, F. Salemi39,38, M. Sallé37, S. U. Salunkhe79, S. Salvador173,172, A. Salvarese147, A. Samajdar71,37, A. Sanchez2, E. J. Sanchez11, L. E. Sanchez11, N. Sanchis-Gual137, J. R. Sanders181, E. M. Sänger1, F. Santoliquido44,45, F. Sarandrea28, T. R. Saravanan79, N. Sarin6, P. Sarkar8,9, A. Sasli250, P. Sassi51,76, B. Sassolas175, B. S. Sathyaprakash7,33, R. Sato226, S. Sato151, Y. Sato151, Y. Sato151, O. Sauter46, R. L. Savage2, T. Sawada50, H. L. Sawant79, S. Sayah175, V. Scacco21,22, D. Schaetzl11, M. Scheel148, A. Schiebelbein189, M. G. Schiworski78, P. Schmidt118, S. Schmidt71, R. Schnabel97, M. Schneewind8,9, R. M. S. Schofield77, K. Schouteden109, B. W. Schulte8,9, B. F. Schutz33,8,9, E. Schwartz297, M. Scialpi298, J. Scott86, S. M. Scott34, R. M. Sedas63, T. C. Seetharamu86, M. Seglar-Arroyo43, Y. Sekiguchi299, D. Sellers63, N. Sembo204, A. S. Sengupta300, E. G. Seo86, J. W. Seo109, V. Sequino32,4, M. Serra38, A. Sevrin187, T. Shaffer2, U. S. Shah57, M. A. Shaikh260, L. Shao301, A. K. Sharma98, P. Sharma12, P. Sharma103, R. Sharma18, S. Sharma Chaudhary105, P. Shawhan125, N. S. Shcheblanov302,262, E. Sheridan143, Z.-H. Shi141, M. Shikauchi42, R. Shimomura303, H. Shinkai303, S. Shirke79, D. H. Shoemaker35, D. M. Shoemaker147, R. W. Short2, S. ShyamSundar103, A. Sider157, H. Siegel190,191, D. Sigg2, L. Silenzi36,37, L. Silvestri39,169, M. Simmonds115, L. P. Singer304, A. Singh215, A. Singh11, D. Singh206, N. Singh98, S. Singh216,59, A. M. Sintes98, V. Sipala170,155, V. Skliris33, B. J. J. Slagmolen34, D. A. Slater199, T. J. Slaven-Blair72, J. Smetana118, J. R. Smith54, L. Smith86,184,48, R. J. E. Smith6, W. J. Smith143, S. Soares de Albuquerque Filho60, M. Soares-Santos188, K. Somiya216, I. Song141, S. Soni35, V. Sordini56, F. Sorrentino29, H. Sotani305, F. Spada80, V. Spagnuolo37, A. P. Spencer86, P. Spinicelli62, A. K. Srivastava93, F. Stachurski86, C. J. Stark122, D. A. Steer306, N. Steinle168, J. Steinlechner36,37, S. Steinlechner36,37, N. Stergioulas250, P. Stevens41, M. StPierre163, M. D. Strong12, A. Strunk2, A. L. Stuver102,†, M. Suchenek95, S. Sudhagar95, Y. Sudo229, N. Sueltmann97, L. Suleiman54, K. D. Sullivan12, J. Sun240, L. Sun34, S. Sunil93, J. Suresh113, B. J. Sutton67, P. J. Sutton33, K. Suzuki216, M. Suzuki203, B. L. Swinkels37, A. Syx116, M. J. Szczepańczyk307, P. Szewczyk124, M. Tacca37, H. Tagoshi203, S. C. Tait11, K. Takada203, H. Takahashi271, R. Takahashi25, A. Takamori42, S. Takano308, H. Takeda309,310, K. Takeshita216, I. Takimoto Schmiegelow44,45, M. Takou-Ayaoh78, C. Talbot129, M. Tamaki203, N. Tamanini100, D. Tanabe140, K. Tanaka50, S. J. Tanaka229, S. Tanioka33, D. B. Tanner46, W. Tanner8,9, L. Tao210, R. D. Tapia7, E. N. Tapia San Martín37, C. Taranto21,22, A. Taruya311, J. D. Tasson152, J. G. Tau110, D. Tellez54, R. Tenorio98, H. Themann180, A. Theodoropoulos137, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam79, L. M. Thomas11, M. Thomas63, P. Thomas2, J. E. Thompson209, S. R. Thondapu103, K. A. Thorne63, E. Thrane6, J. Tissino44,45, A. Tiwari79, P. Tiwari44, P. Tiwari194, S. Tiwari188, V. Tiwari118, M. R. Todd78, M. Toffano91, A. M. Toivonen18, K. Toland86, A. E. Tolley73, T. Tomaru25, V. Tommasini11, T. Tomura50, H. Tong6, C. Tong-Yu140, A. Torres-Forné137,138, C. I. Torrie11, I. Tosta e Melo312, E. Tournefier31, M. Trad Nery113, K. Tran122, A. Trapananti52,51, R. Travaglini167, F. Travasso52,51, G. Traylor63, M. Trevor125, M. C. Tringali62, A. Tripathee90, G. Troian184,48, A. Trovato184,48, L. Trozzo4, R. J. Trudeau11, T. Tsang33, S. Tsuchida313, L. Tsukada212, K. Turbang187,23, M. Turconi113, C. Turski94, H. Ubach82,83, N. Uchikata203, T. Uchiyama50, R. P. Udall11, T. Uehara314, K. Ueno42, V. Undheim276, L. E. Uronen218, T. Ushiba50, M. Vacatello80,81, H. Vahlbruch8,9, N. Vaidya11, G. Vajente11, A. Vajpeyi6, J. Valencia98, M. Valentini107,37, S. A. Vallejo-Peña294, S. Vallero28, V. Valsan10, M. van Dael37,315, E. Van den Bossche187, J. F. J. van den Brand36,107,37, C. Van Den Broeck71,37, M. van der Sluys37,71, A. Van de Walle41, J. van Dongen37,107, K. Vandra102, M. VanDyke119, H. van Haevermaet23, J. V. van Heijningen37,107, P. Van Hove64, J. Vanier258, M. VanKeuren104, J. Vanosky2, N. van Remortel23, M. Vardaro36,37, A. F. Vargas123, V. Varma132, A. N. Vazquez89, A. Vecchio118, G. Vedovato92, J. Veitch86, P. J. Veitch115, S. Venikoudis15, R. C. Venterea18, P. Verdier56, M. Vereecken15, D. Verkindt31, B. Verma132, Y. Verma103, S. M. Vermeulen11, F. Vetrano60, A. Veutro38,39, A. Viceré60,61, S. Vidyant78, A. D. Viets88, A. Vijaykumar189, A. Vilkha110, N. Villanueva Espinosa137, V. Villa-Ortega177, E. T. Vincent57, J.-Y. Vinet113, S. Viret56, S. Vitale35, H. Vocca76,51, D. Voigt97, E. R. G. von Reis2, J. S. A. von Wrangel8,9, W. E. Vossius230, L. Vujeva139, S. P. Vyatchanin108, J. Wack11, L. E. Wade104, M. Wade104, K. J. Wagner110, L. Wallace11, E. J. Wang89, H. Wang216, J. Z. Wang90, W. H. Wang164, Y. F. Wang1, G. Waratkar194, J. Warner2, M. Was31, T. Washimi25, N. Y. Washington11, D. Watarai42, B. Weaver2, S. A. Webster86, N. L. Weickhardt97, M. Weinert8,9, A. J. Weinstein11, R. Weiss35,‡, L. Wen72, K. Wette34, J. T. Whelan110, B. F. Whiting46, C. Whittle11, E. G. Wickens73, D. Wilken8,9, A. T. Wilkin210, B. M. Williams119, D. Williams86, M. J. Williams73, N. S. Williams1, J. L. Willis11, B. Willke9,8, M. Wils109, L. Wilson104, C. W. Winborn105, J. Winterflood72, C. C. Wipf11, G. Woan86, J. Woehler36,37, N. E. Wolfe35, H. T. Wong140, I. C. F. Wong218,109, K. Wong189, T. Wouters71,37, J. L. Wright2, M. Wright86,71, B. Wu78, C. Wu141, D. S. Wu8,9, H. Wu141, K. Wu119, Q. Wu53, T. Y. Wu319,320, Y. Wu96, Z. Wu100, E. Wuchner54, D. M. Wysocki10, V. A. Xu206, Y. Xu98, N. Yadav28, H. Yamamoto11, K. Yamamoto151, T. S. Yamamoto42, T. Yamamoto50, R. Yamazaki229, T. Yan118, K. Z. Yang18, Y. Yang145, Z. Yarbrough12, J. Yebana98, S.-W. Yeh141, A. B. Yelikar143, X. Yin35, J. Yokoyama316,42, T. Yokozawa50, S. Yuan72, H. Yuzurihara50, M. Zanolin65, M. Zeeshan110, T. Zelenova62, J.-P. Zendri92, M. Zeoli15, M. Zerrad40, M. Zevin96, L. Zhang11, N. Zhang57, R. Zhang149, T. Zhang118, C. Zhao72, Y. Zhao161, Y. Zhao20, Z.-C. Zhao317, Y. Zheng105, H. Zhong18, H. Zhou78, H. O. Zhu72, Z.-H. Zhu317,318, A. B. Zimmerman147, L. Zimmermann56, M. E. Zucker35,11, and J. Zweizig11 (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, and the KAGRA Collaboration)

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
  • 2LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
  • 3Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
  • 4INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
  • 5University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
  • 6OzGrav, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
  • 7The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
  • 8Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 9Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 10University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
  • 11LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 12Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
  • 13Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
  • 14Centre de Physique Théorique, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
  • 15Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
  • 16Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
  • 17University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
  • 18University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
  • 19Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 20Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
  • 21Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
  • 22INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
  • 23Universiteit Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
  • 24International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
  • 25Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 26Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 27Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
  • 28INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
  • 29INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
  • 30Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
  • 31University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules—IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
  • 32Università di Napoli “Federico II”, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
  • 33Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
  • 34OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
  • 35LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
  • 36Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
  • 37Nikhef, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 38INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
  • 39Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma, Italy
  • 40Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France
  • 41Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
  • 42University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
  • 43Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
  • 44Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
  • 45INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
  • 46University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
  • 47Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
  • 48INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  • 49Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
  • 50Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
  • 51INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
  • 52Università di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
  • 53University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
  • 54California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
  • 55SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
  • 56Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
  • 57Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
  • 58Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
  • 59Astronomical course, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 60Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
  • 61INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
  • 62European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
  • 63LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
  • 64Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
  • 65Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
  • 66Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello,” Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
  • 67King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
  • 68Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
  • 69International College, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
  • 70Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
  • 71Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
  • 72OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
  • 73University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
  • 74Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
  • 75INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
  • 76Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
  • 77University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
  • 78Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
  • 79Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
  • 80INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
  • 81Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
  • 82Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 83Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
  • 84Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, c. Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
  • 85Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
  • 86IGR, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
  • 87HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
  • 88Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
  • 89Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
  • 90University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
  • 91Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • 92INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
  • 93Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
  • 94Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
  • 95Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
  • 96Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
  • 97Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
  • 98IAC3–IEEC, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
  • 99Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France
  • 100Laboratoire des 2 Infinis—Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  • 101Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, I-53100 Siena, Italy
  • 102Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
  • 103RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
  • 104Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
  • 105Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
  • 106Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
  • 107Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 108Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
  • 109Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
  • 110Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
  • 111Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
  • 112Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
  • 113Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France
  • 114University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
  • 115OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
  • 116Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
  • 117Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON—UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
  • 118University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
  • 119Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
  • 120Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
  • 121Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
  • 122Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
  • 123OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
  • 124Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
  • 125University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
  • 126Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
  • 127INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
  • 128Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
  • 129University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
  • 130University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
  • 131INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
  • 132University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
  • 133Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, 2100 København, Denmark
  • 134Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
  • 135Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
  • 136Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
  • 137Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
  • 138Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
  • 139Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Kóbenhavn, Denmark
  • 140National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
  • 141National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
  • 142OzGrav, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
  • 143Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
  • 144University of Chinese Academy of Sciences / International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, Bejing 100190, China
  • 145Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 University Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
  • 146Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
  • 147University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
  • 148CaRT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
  • 149Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
  • 150Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIIN), Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
  • 151Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
  • 152Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
  • 153University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
  • 154OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
  • 155INFN Cagliari, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
  • 156Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
  • 157Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
  • 158INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
  • 159Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
  • 160Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
  • 161The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
  • 162Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
  • 163University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
  • 164The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
  • 165Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
  • 166DIFA- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33–40126 Bologna, Italy
  • 167Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare—Sezione di Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2–40127 Bologna, Italy
  • 168University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
  • 169INFN-CNAF—Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
  • 170Università degli Studi di Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
  • 171INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, I-95125 Catania, Italy
  • 172Université de Normandie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, F-14000 Caen, France
  • 173Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen, 6 boulevard du maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen, France
  • 174The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
  • 175Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IP2I Lyon / IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
  • 176Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
  • 177IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • 178Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
  • 179INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
  • 180California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
  • 181Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
  • 182Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
  • 183Corps des Mines, Mines Paris, Université PSL, 60 Bd Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
  • 184Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
  • 185Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Lagrange, F-06304 Nice, France
  • 186National Center for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
  • 187Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
  • 188University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
  • 189Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
  • 190Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
  • 191Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
  • 192Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
  • 193HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
  • 194Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
  • 195Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Universidade do Minho, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
  • 196Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
  • 197CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
  • 198Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
  • 199Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
  • 200SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
  • 201Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33168, USA
  • 202Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
  • 203Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
  • 204Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
  • 205University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
  • 206University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
  • 207Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
  • 208Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
  • 209University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
  • 210University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
  • 211Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
  • 212University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
  • 213University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
  • 214Ariel University, Ramat HaGolan St 65, Ari’el, Israel
  • 215The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
  • 216Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
  • 217Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. II, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
  • 218The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
  • 219American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
  • 220Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
  • 221INFN, sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
  • 222Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
  • 223University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
  • 224University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
  • 225College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino City, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
  • 226Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
  • 227Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Danshui Dist., New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
  • 228Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
  • 229Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
  • 230Helmut Schmidt University, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
  • 231Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
  • 232Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
  • 233Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
  • 234Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
  • 235National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academic of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
  • 236School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
  • 237Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
  • 238Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
  • 239Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
  • 240Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
  • 241University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
  • 242Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 9GH2+3V5, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
  • 243Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
  • 244National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
  • 245Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
  • 246Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
  • 247Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
  • 248Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 249Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
  • 250Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
  • 251Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
  • 252Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
  • 253Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
  • 254Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
  • 255Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8-35151 Padova, Italy
  • 256Sezione di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via Marzolo, 8-35131 Padova, Italy
  • 257Department of Physics, Nagoya University, ES building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
  • 258Université de Montréal/Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
  • 259Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
  • 260Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
  • 261Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
  • 262NAVIER, École des Ponts, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
  • 263Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
  • 264Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
  • 265St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, Florida 33054, USA
  • 266Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
  • 267Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 268Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
  • 269Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie Heidelberg, Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert Ueberle Straße 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
  • 270Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
  • 271Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
  • 272Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 273Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
  • 274Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, 67 Fukakusa Tsukamoto-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
  • 275Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 276University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
  • 277Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
  • 278GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 279University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
  • 280Observatoire de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
  • 281Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France
  • 282Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
  • 283University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
  • 284CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
  • 285Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, I-00185 Roma, Italy
  • 286Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
  • 287Department of Physics, University of Guadalajara, Av. Revolucion 1500, Colonia Olimpica Código postal 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
  • 288Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
  • 289INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
  • 290Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
  • 291Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, I-00184 Roma, Italy
  • 292Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
  • 293Subatech, CNRS/IN2P3—IMT Atlantique—Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler BP 20722 44307 Nantes CÉDEX 03, France
  • 294Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
  • 295Departamento de Física—ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
  • 296Department of Electronic Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
  • 297Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
  • 298Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università Degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44121 Ferrara FE, Italy
  • 299Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
  • 300Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
  • 301Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
  • 302Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
  • 303Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 1-79-1 Kitayama, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0196, Japan
  • 304NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
  • 305Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
  • 306Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, (CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité), F-75005 Paris, France
  • 307Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
  • 308Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
  • 309The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
  • 310Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • 311Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • 312University of Catania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania CT, Italy
  • 313National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Sabae-shi, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
  • 314Department of Communications Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
  • 315Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
  • 316Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
  • 317Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
  • 318School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi Road 299, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
  • 319Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 E. Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
  • 320David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George St, Toronto ON M5S 3H4, Canada
  • 321Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA

  • *Full author list given at the end of the article.
  • †Deceased, September 2024.
  • ‡Deceased, August 2025.
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 042001 – Published 20 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wq57-sjt2

Abstract

We present results from the search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from O1 through O4a, the first part of the fourth observing run. This background is the accumulated signal from unresolved sources throughout cosmic history and encodes information about the merger history of compact binaries throughout the Universe, as well as exotic physics and potentially primordial processes from the early cosmos. Our cross-correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant background signal, enabling us to constrain several theoretical scenarios. For compact binary coalescences which approximately follow a 2/3 power-law spectrum, we constrain the fractional energy density to ΩGW(25  Hz)≤2.0×10−9 (95% credibility), a factor of 1.7 improvement over previous results. Scale-invariant backgrounds are constrained to ΩGW(25  Hz)≤2.8×10−9, representing a 2.1× sensitivity gain. We also place new limits on alternative gravity theories predicting nonstandard polarization modes and confirm that terrestrial magnetic noise sources remain below our detection threshold. Combining these spectral limits with population models for Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC)-4, the latest gravitational-wave event catalog, we find our constraints remain above predicted merger backgrounds but are approaching detectability. The joint analysis combining the background limits shown here with GWTC-4 enables improved inference of the binary black hole merger rate evolution across cosmic time. Furthermore, employing GWTC-4 inference results and standard modeling choices, we estimate that the total background arising from compact binary coalescences is ΩCBC(25  Hz)=0.9−0.5+1.1×10−9 at 90% confidence, where the largest contribution is due to binary black holes only, ΩBBH(25  Hz)=0.8−0.5+1.1×10−9.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 042001– Published 20 August, 2026
  • Received 29 August 2025
  • Accepted 1 December 2025
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