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Out-of-equilibrium contributions to charm hadrons in a fluid-dynamic approach

Rossana Facen1,*, Federica Capellino2,†, Eduardo Grossi3,‡, Andrea Dubla2,§, and Silvia Masciocchi1,2,∥

  • *Contact author: r.facen@gsi.de
  • †Contact author: f.capellino@gsi.de
  • ‡Contact author: eduardo.grossi@unifi.it
  • §Contact author: a.dubla@gsi.de
  • ∥Contact author: s.masciocchi@gsi.de
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 036035 – Published 31 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wfmw-twlf

Abstract

Building on previous studies that demonstrated the applicability of a fluid-dynamic description of charm quarks in the quark-gluon plasma [Phys. Rev. D 106, 034021 (2022); Phys. Rev. D 108, 116011 (2023).], the present work extends the framework by computing the out-of-equilibrium contributions to the distribution function of charm hadrons. The analysis includes corrections arising from the initial out-of-equilibrium distribution of charm quarks after a free-streaming phase, as well as from the freeze-out surface within fluid dynamics. These results enable the exact computation of integrated yields and transverse-momentum distributions of charm hadrons for different values of the spatial diffusion coefficient, thereby providing the basis for a systematic determination of the charm transport coefficients. A preliminary comparison of our model with the available experimental data shows compatibility within uncertainties. In addition, the limits of applicability of the approach are identified by determining the transverse-momentum region in which charm hadrons are described by a well-defined, positive distribution function.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 036035– Published 31 August, 2026
  • Received 12 January 2026
  • Accepted 29 June 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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