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Massive Dirac states bound to vortices by a boson-fermion interaction

Ethan P. Honda*

  • Melbourne, Florida 32940, USA

  • *Contact author: ehonda@alum.mit.edu
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 016008 – Published 7 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wfm6-2kfv

Abstract

Results are presented from numerical simulations of the flat-space nonlinear Maxwell-Klein-Gordon-Dirac equations. The introduction of a boson-fermion interaction allows a scalar vortex to act as a harmonic trap that can confine massive Dirac bound states. A parametric analysis is performed to understand the range of boson-fermion coupling strengths, Ginzburg-Landau parameters, and fermion effective masses that support the existence of bound state solutions; results are shown to be comparable to quasiparticle bound states in gapped Dirac materials. Solutions are time evolved and are observed to be stable until the fermion field ψ becomes large enough to collapse the spontaneously broken vacuum of the condensate. Head-on scattering simulations are performed, and traditional vortex right-angle scattering is shown to break down with increased fermion field strength. For sufficiently large ψ and low velocity, the collision of two m=1 vortices results in a pseudostable m=2 bound state that eventually becomes unstable and decays back into two m=1 vortices. For large ψ and collision velocity, vortex scattering is observed to produce nontopological (zero winding number) scalar bound states that are ejected from the collision. The scalar bubbles contain coherent fermion bound states in their interiors and interpolate between the spontaneously broken vacuum of the bulk and the modified vacuum induced by the boson-fermion interaction.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 016008– Published 7 January, 2026
  • Received 31 August 2025
  • Accepted 8 December 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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