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All 2D generalized dilaton theories from d≥4 gravities

Johanna Borissova*

  • *Contact author: j.borissova@imperial.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 124088 – Published 29 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/v3j1-j6jg

Abstract

We demonstrate that generic two-dimensional Horndeski theories can arise from the reduction of pure gravities in d≥4 dimensions, and therefore generic on shell configurations for the two-dimensional metric and scalar field correspond to genuine d-dimensional gravitational vacuum solutions. We discuss separately the two-dimensional Horndeski theories which can arise from the reduction of d-dimensional generally covariant gravitational actions built only from curvature invariants without covariant derivatives and possessing second-order equations of motion on 2+(d−2) warped-product backgrounds. The discussion is subsequently extended to generic d-dimensional gravitational actions with this latter property. We establish a Birkhoff theorem for all gravitational theories whose reduction yields an integrable two-dimensional Horndeski theory, in which case static spherically symmetric solutions satisfy gttgrr=−1 in Schwarzschild gauge whereby the metric function gtt=−f is determined by an algebraic equation. We therefore propose to refer to all such theories as quasitopological gravities. These results can be used to show in reverse that any d-dimensional static spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat spacetime satisfying gttgrr=−1 in Schwarzschild gauge with an invertible dependence of f on the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner mass can be reconstructed explicitly as a vacuum solution to a d-dimensional gravitational theory. We discuss examples of regular black holes such as the Bardeen spacetime, which could not be obtained from polynomial and nonpolynomial quasitopological gravities involving only curvature invariants without covariant derivatives.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 124088– Published 29 June, 2026
  • Received 11 March 2026
  • Accepted 19 May 2026
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