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Second order fluctuations of conserved charges in external magnetic fields

Heng-Tong Ding, Jin-Biao Gu, Arpith Kumar, and Sheng-Tai Li

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 114522 – Published 30 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tgm5-jvyf

Abstract

We present a first-principles lattice QCD investigation of second-order fluctuations of and correlations among conserved charges—baryon number (B), electric charge (Q), and strangeness (S)—in the presence of external magnetic fields. Our study employs lattice simulations of (2+1)-flavor QCD with physical pion masses using highly improved staggered fermions on 483×12 and 323×8 lattices, covering a wide range of magnetic field strengths up to eB≃0.8  GeV2. We identify clear signals of magnetic field-induced modifications to these fluctuations and correlations, with the baryon-electric charge correlation, χ11BQ, exhibiting particularly strong sensitivity to the magnetic field. To bridge theoretical predictions with experimental observables, we implement systematic kinematic cuts that emulate detector acceptances of the STAR and ALICE experiments within the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model and construct proxy observables for fluctuations measurable in heavy-ion collision experiments. Our findings highlight χ11BQ as a promising “magnetometer” for probing the presence of magnetic fields in QCD matter. Furthermore, we explore experimentally relevant ratios involving χ11BQ, demonstrating their potential in mitigating volume effects and enhancing sensitivity to magnetic fields in collision environments. Additionally, we assess the limitations of the HRG model at strong magnetic fields, revealing deviations that indicate nontrivial modifications to hadronic degrees of freedom. These results offer new insights into the interplay between thermal and magnetic effects in the QCD phase diagram and provide experimentally relevant guidance for the detection of magnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions.

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Phys. Rev. D 111, 114522– Published 30 June, 2025
  • Received 25 March 2025
  • Accepted 2 June 2025
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