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Barren-plateau free variational quantum simulation of Z2 lattice gauge theories

Fariha Azad1, Matteo Inajetovic1, Stefan Kühn2, and Anna Pappa1

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 074503 – Published 5 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rvrq-1scy

Abstract

In this work, we implement a variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) suitable for investigating ground states and static string breaking in a Z2 lattice gauge theory (LGT). We consider a two-leg ladder lattice with Kogut-Susskind staggered fermions and verify the results of the VQE simulations using tensor network methods. We find that for varying Hamiltonian parameter regimes and in the presence of external charges, the VQE is able to arrive at the gauge-invariant ground state without explicitly enforcing gauge invariance through penalty terms. Additionally, experiments showing string breaking are performed on IBM’s quantum platform. Thus, VQEs are seen to be a promising tool for Z2 LGTs, and could serve as a stepping stone toward studies of other gauge groups. We find that the scaling of gradients with the number of qubits is favorable for avoiding barren plateaus. Furthermore, strategies that avoid barren plateaus arise naturally as features of LGTs, such as choosing the initialization by setting the Gauss law sector and restricting the Hilbert space to the gauge-invariant subspace.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 074503– Published 5 October, 2026
  • Received 12 November 2025
  • Accepted 23 July 2026
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