Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Minimal modular flavor symmetry and lepton textures near fixed points

Zurab Tavartkiladze*

  • *Contact author: zurab.tavartkiladze@gmail.com

Phys. Rev. D 113, 095023 – Published 18 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rhm2-g9rq

Abstract

An extension of the standard model with Γ2≃S3 modular flavor symmetry is presented. We consider the construction of the lepton sector, augmented by two right-handed neutrino states, in the vicinity of the fixed points τ=i∞, τ=i, and τ=ω=−12+i32. Due to the residual symmetries at these points, and with the aid of nonholomorphic modular forms (which constitute representations of S3) and by assigning specific transformation properties to the fermion fields, highly economical models (without flavon fields) are constructed with interesting Yukawa textures. All presented models strongly prefer the inverted ordering for the neutrino masses.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (36)

  1. F. Capozzi, E. Di Valentino, E. Lisi, A. Marrone, A. Melchiorri, and A. Palazzo, Phys. Rev. D 104, 083031 (2021); M. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Maltoni, and T. Schwetz, Universe 7, 459 (2021).
  2. C. D. Froggatt and H. B. Nielsen, Nucl. Phys. B147, 277 (1979).
  3. E. Dudas, S. Pokorski, and C. A. Savoy, Phys. Lett. B 356, 45 (1995).
  4. M.-C. Chen, D. R. T. Jones, A. Rajaraman, and H.-B. Yu, Phys. Rev. D 78, 015019 (2008).
  5. Z. Tavartkiladze, Phys. Lett. B 706, 398 (2012); Phys. Rev. D 87, 075026 (2013); 106, 115002 (2022).
  6. F. Feruglio, arXiv:1706.08749.
  7. T. Kobayashi, K. Tanaka, and T. H. Tatsuishi, Phys. Rev. D 98, 016004 (2018).
  8. T. Kobayashi, Y. Shimizu, K. Takagi, M. Tanimoto, and T. H. Tatsuishi, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2020, 053B05 (2020).
  9. X. Du and F. Wang, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2021) 221.
  10. P. P. Novichkov, J. T. Penedo, S. T. Petcov, and A. V. Titov, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2019) 005.
  11. G. J. Ding, S. F. King, X. G. Liu, and J. N. Lu, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2019) 030.
  12. H. Okada and M. Tanimoto, Phys. Rev. D 103, 015005 (2021).
  13. F. Feruglio, V. Gherardi, A. Romanino, and A. Titov, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2021) 242; F. Feruglio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 101801 (2023).
  14. T. Kobayashi, H. Otsuka, M. Tanimoto, and K. Yamamoto, Phys. Rev. D 105, 055022 (2022).
  15. S. Kikuchi, T. Kobayashi, K. Nasu, S. Takada, and H. Uchida, Phys. Rev. D 107, 055014 (2023).
  16. F. Feruglio, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2023) 236.
  17. D. Meloni and M. Parriciatu, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2023) 043.
  18. S. Marciano, D. Meloni, and M. Parriciatu, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 020.
  19. T. Nomura, M. Tanimoto, and X. Y. Wang, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 1329 (2024).
  20. For reviews and references see: T. Kobayashi and M. Tanimoto, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 39, 2441012 (2024); G. J. Ding and S. F. King, Rep. Prog. Phys. 87, 084201 (2024).
  21. R. Kumar, P. Mishra, M. K. Behera, R. Mohanta, and R. Srivastava, Phys. Lett. B 853, 138635 (2024).
  22. A. Granelli, D. Meloni, M. Parriciatu, J. T. Penedo, and S. T. Petcov, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 035.
  23. B. Y. Qu and G. J. Ding, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2024) 136.
  24. B. Y. Qu, J. N. Lu, and G. J. Ding, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2025) 140.
  25. S. Pakvasa and H. Sugawara, Phys. Lett. 73B, 61 (1978).
  26. T. M. Apostol, Modular Functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory, 2nd. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990).
  27. D Zagier, Elliptic modular forms and their applications, The 1-2-3 of Modular Forms: Lectures at a Summer School in Nordfjordeid, Norway, 2008 (Springer, New York, 2008).
  28. M. Kaneko and D. Zagier, A generalized Jacobi theta function and quasimodular forms, The Moduli Space of Curves (Texel Island, 1994), Progr. Math., Vol. 129 (Birkhauser, Boston, MA, 1995), pp. 165–172.
  29. K. Nagatomo, Y. Sakai, and D. Zagier, arXiv:2210.10686.
  30. R. de Adelhart Toorop, F. Feruglio, and C. Hagedorn, Nucl. Phys. B858, 437 (2012).
  31. I. de Medeiros Varzielas, M. S. Liu, A. Sengupta, and J. Talbert, arXiv:2512.19789.
  32. Z. Tavartkiladze (to be published).
  33. Q. Shafi and Z. Tavartkiladze, Phys. Lett. B 482, 145 (2000).
  34. For a review see: K. Bringmann and S. Kudla, arXiv:1609.06999; and references therein.
  35. K Bringmann and B Kane, arXiv:1603.09250.
  36. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation