- Open Access
Estimating violation in decays
Phys. Rev. D 112, 073005 – Published 17 October, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/r98k-2ctc
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the asymmetries and in and decays; both of them consist of three parts: the indirect violations in mixing and , the direct violations in decay and , and the new violation effects and , which originate from the interference between the amplitude of the decay with the difference between the oscillating effect of and that of . The strong phase differences of the direct asymmetries and arise from mixing parameters. and are of the order of and , respectively. The new violation effect plays a dominant role in ; the asymmetry is dominated by the indirect violation , so the asymmetry provides an ideal place to study the new violation effect. We derive another two asymmetry observables and , which are dominated by mixing. The observables , , , and are hopefully to be marginally observed at the LHC experiment and the HL-LHC experiment.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (79)
- N. Cabibbo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 531 (1963).
- M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973).
- Y. S. Amhis et al. (HFLAV Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 107, 052008 (2023).
- Y. Nir, arXiv:hep-ph/0510413.
- M. Dine and A. Kusenko, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 1 (2003).
- H. Li and M. Yang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 192001 (2006).
- R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 211803 (2019).
- F. Buccella, M. Lusignoli, G. Mangano, G. Miele, A. Pugliese, and P. Santorelli, Phys. Lett. B 302, 319 (1993).
- F. Buccella, M. Lusignoli, G. Miele, A. Pugliese, and P. Santorelli, Phys. Rev. D 51, 3478 (1995).
- H. Y. Cheng, Z. H. Guo, X. G. He, Y. Hou, X. W. Kang, A. Kupsc, Y. Y. Li, L. Liu, X. R. Lyu, J. P. Ma et al., arXiv:2502.08907.
- H. Y. Cheng and C. W. Chiang, Phys. Rev. D 104, 073003 (2021).
- H. Y. Cheng and C. W. Chiang, Phys. Rev. D 85, 034036 (2012); 85, 079903(E) (2012).
- H. Y. Cheng and C. W. Chiang, Phys. Rev. D 86, 014014 (2012).
- H. B. Li and X. R. Lyu, Natl. Sci. Rev. 8, nwab181 (2021).
- Z. H. Zhang, Phys. Lett. B 820, 136537 (2021).
- A. Lenz and G. Wilkinson, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 71, 59 (2021).
- Y. Ünal and U. G. Meißner, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2021) 115.
- C. P. Jia, H. Y. Jiang, J. P. Wang, and F. S. Yu, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2024) 072.
- J. P. Wang and F. S. Yu, Phys. Lett. B 849, 138460 (2024).
- M. Saur and F. S. Yu, Sci. Bull. 65, 1428 (2020).
- D. Wang, P. F. Guo, W. H. Long, and F. S. Yu, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2018) 066.
- D. Wang, F. S. Yu, and H. n. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 181802 (2017).
- Q. Qin, H. n. Li, C. D. Lü, and F. S. Yu, Phys. Rev. D 89, 054006 (2014).
- H. n. Li, C. D. Lu, and F. S. Yu, Phys. Rev. D 86, 036012 (2012).
- W. J. Song, S. Q. Wang, Q. Qin, and Y. Li, Eur. Phys. J. C 85, 300 (2025).
- Y. I. Azimov, arXiv:hep-ph/9910368.
- Y. I. Azimov, arXiv:hep-ph/9907260.
- H. J. Lipkin and Z. z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 450, 405 (1999).
- Z. Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 353, 313 (1995); 363, 266(E) (1995).
- R. M. Wang, X. D. Cheng, and X. B. Yuan, Phys. Rev. D 107, 053002 (2023).
- X. D. Cheng, R. M. Wang, and X. B. Yuan, Phys. Rev. D 104, 093005 (2021).
- A. Amorim, M. G. Santos, and J. P. Silva, Phys. Rev. D 59, 056001 (1999).
- T. Aaltonen et al. (CDF Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 86, 032007 (2012).
- C. Thomas and G. Wilkinson, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2012) 185.
- J. P. Lees et al. (BABAR Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 87, 052012 (2013).
- B. R. Ko et al. (Belle Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2013) 098.
- B. R. Ko et al. (Belle Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 021601 (2012); 109, 119903(E) (2012).
- B. R. Ko et al. (Belle Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 181602 (2010).
- P. del Amo Sanchez et al. (BABAR Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, 071103 (2011).
- J. P. Lees et al. (BABAR Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 85, 031102 (2012); 85, 099904(E) (2012).
- H. Mendez et al. (CLEO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 81, 052013 (2010).
- S. Dobbs et al. (CLEO Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 76, 112001 (2007).
- J. M. Link et al. (FOCUS Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 041602 (2002); 88, 159903(E) (2002).
- Y. Grossman and Y. Nir, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2012) 002.
- I. I. Bigi, arXiv:1204.5817.
- F. Z. Chen, X. Q. Li, S. C. Peng, Y. D. Yang, and H. H. Zhang, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2022) 108.
- F. Z. Chen, X. Q. Li, and Y. D. Yang, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2020) 151.
- F. Z. Chen, X. Q. Li, Y. D. Yang, and X. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 100, 113006 (2019).
- A. Dighe, S. Ghosh, G. Kumar, and T. S. Roy, arXiv:1902.09561.
- J. Rendón, P. Roig, and G. Toledo, Phys. Rev. D 99, 093005 (2019).
- V. Cirigliano, A. Crivellin, and M. Hoferichter, SciPost Phys. Proc. 1, 007 (2019).
- G. López Castro, SciPost Phys. Proc. 1, 008 (2019).
- D. Delepine, G. Faisel, and C. A. Ramirez, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 368 (2021).
- V. Cirigliano, A. Crivellin, and M. Hoferichter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 141803 (2018).
- L. Dhargyal, Lett. High Energy Phys. 1, 9 (2018).
- H. Z. Devi, L. Dhargyal, and N. Sinha, Phys. Rev. D 90, 013016 (2014).
- D. Kimura, K. Y. Lee, and T. Morozumi, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2013, 053B03 (2013); 2014, 099201(E) (2014); 2013, 89202 (2013).
- D. Fakirov and B. Stech, Nucl. Phys. B133, 315 (1978).
- Y. M. Wang, H. Zou, Z. T. Wei, X. Q. Li, and C. D. Lu, Eur. Phys. J. C 55, 607 (2008).
- A. K. Giri and R. Mohanta, Pramana 50, 155 (1998).
- G. C. Branco, L. Lavoura, and J. P. Silva, Int. Ser. Monogr. Phys. 103, 1 (1999).
- G. Bergner et al. (Extended Twisted Mass Collaboration), Proc. Sci., LATTICE2019 (2020) 181 [arXiv:2001.09116].
- L. J. Cooper, C. T. H. Davies, J. Harrison, J. Komijani, M. Wingate (HPQCD Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 102, 014513 (2020).
- S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
- Y. F. Shen, W. J. Song, and Q. Qin, Phys. Rev. D 110, L031301 (2024).
- A. A. Alves, Junior, M. O. Bettler, A. Brea Rodríguez, A. Casais Vidal, V. Chobanova, X. Cid Vidal, A. Contu, G. D’Ambrosio, J. Dalseno, F. Dettori et al., J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2019) 048.
- C. Abellan Beteta et al. (LHCb Silicon Tracker Group), J. Instrum. 15, P08016 (2020).
- G. D’Ambrosio and T. Kitahara, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 201802 (2017).
- V. M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 95, 031101 (2017).
- R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 091802 (2023).
- R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2025) 149.
- M. Kmiec (LHCb Collaboration), Proc. Sci., QNP2024 (2025) 057.
- L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1945 (1983).
- Y. H. Ahn, H. Y. Cheng, and S. Oh, Phys. Lett. B 703, 571 (2011).
- A. J. Buras, arXiv:hep-ph/9806471.
- UTfit Collaboration, online update at: http://www.utfit.org/UTfit/ResultsSummer2023SM.
- T. Zhou, T. Wang, H. F. Fu, Z. H. Wang, L. Huo, and G. L. Wang, Eur. Phys. J. C 81, 339 (2021).
- Y. S. Dai and D. S. Du, Eur. Phys. J. C 9, 557 (1999).
- H. F. Fu, Y. Jiang, C. S. Kim, and G. L. Wang, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2011) 015.