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Quadrupole forces between quark and gluon subsystems inside higher-spin particles

June-Young Kim1,2,3,* and Hyun-Chul Kim2,4,5,†

  • *Contact author: jykim@jlab.org
  • †Contact author: hchkim@inha.ac.kr
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 074014 – Published 14 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/r2t1-f4mc

Abstract

We generalize the mechanical interpretation of the forces between quark and gluon subsystems, previously studied for the nucleon, to arbitrary higher-spin particles. For spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles, this force is characterized by the nonconserved c¯(t) form factor. However, such an interpretation has not yet been established for higher-spin particles due to the intricate structure of the nonconserved energy-momentum tensor (EMT) form factors. By performing a multipole expansion, we identify the physically meaningful combinations of the nonconserved covariant EMT form factors and provide them with a clear mechanical interpretation.

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Corrections

7 April, 2026

Correction: Errors in Eqs. (31b) and (31c) have been corrected.

Article Text

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Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 074014– Published 14 October, 2025
  • Received 2 September 2025
  • Accepted 23 September 2025
  • Corrected 7 April 2026
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