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Emergent factorization of the Hilbert space at large N and the black hole information paradox

Antal Jevicki1,*, Debangshu Mukherjee2,3,†, and Junggi Yoon4,5,6,2,7,‡

  • *Contact author: antal_jevicki@brown.edu
  • †Contact author: debangshu.mukherjee@apctp.org
  • ‡Contact author: junggi.yoon@khu.ac.kr
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Phys. Rev. D 112, 106009 – Published 14 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qh7k-kpbh

Abstract

We investigate the emergent factorization of Hilbert space in the low-energy description of matrix models, addressing key aspects of the black hole information paradox. We examine the collective description for the low-energy sector of SU(N) matrix model, characterized by a factorized Hilbert space composed of a finite number of boxes and anti-boxes. This factorization leads us to examine the emergence of thermofield dynamics state in the low energy sector from a fine-tuned state. Our investigation of these matrix models elucidates a concrete mechanism for constructing the truncated algebra of accessible observables, thereby facilitating an understanding of black hole complementarity. In the context of the black hole information paradox, we discuss the origin of the island appearing inside the black hole and provide a reinterpretation of the recent proposal—the holography of information.

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Phys. Rev. D 112, 106009– Published 14 November, 2025
  • Received 18 April 2024
  • Revised 10 May 2025
  • Accepted 14 October 2025
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