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Lensing in matched exterior and interior Kottler solutions

Mourad Guenouche*

  • *Contact author: guenouche_mourad@umc.edu.dz, guenouche_mourad@univ-khenchela.dz
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Phys. Rev. D 113, 083531 – Published 23 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nvg4-mp73

Abstract

We analyze gravitational lensing in a matched Kottler spacetime with cosmological constant Λ, where a uniform-density fluid sphere described by the interior Kottler solution is smoothly joined to the exterior Kottler region. We derive an analytic expression for the deflection angle of light rays traversing both regions, isolating the corrections induced by the interior mass distribution relative to the vacuum Kottler case. The interior terms systematically reduce the bending angle and tangential magnification while enhancing the radial one, leading to a scale-dependent effect on the total magnification. Numerical evaluation shows a mild amplification for galaxy lenses and a demagnification for clusters, reflecting the contrast between compact and diffuse configurations. The induced Λ contribution from the interior corrections further reduces the bending, but only slightly, consistent with its role in the vacuum Kottler case. These results demonstrate that lensing observables retain a measurable imprint of interior structure in Schwarzschild–de Sitter-like lenses, crucial for refining realistic strong-lensing models.

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Phys. Rev. D 113, 083531– Published 23 April, 2026
  • Received 26 September 2025
  • Accepted 23 March 2026
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