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  • Open Access

Observational tests for distinguishing classes of cosmological models

Asta Heinesen*

Timothy Clifton†

  • *Contact author: asta.heinesen@nbi.ku.dk
  • †Contact author: t.clifton@qmul.ac.uk
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Phys. Rev. D 114, 083510 – Published 7 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nrt8-bgnf

Abstract

We investigate observational tests that can be used to distinguish between broad classes of cosmological models. This is achieved using curvature-consistency tests of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models, which we investigate in two scenarios where they can be violated; (i) when the optical properties of the cosmology deviate from the expectations of FLRW, and also (ii) when the large-scale expansion of the cosmology is different from FLRW. We identify useful ways to determine the properties of these alternative scenarios in terms of the violation of the curvature-consistency tests, and propose a new null test that can be used to isolate cosmologies with non-FLRW observational relations. The characteristic signatures we find can be used, together with the results of recent and upcoming cosmological observations, to probe and/or rule out large classes of cosmological models. This becomes an increasingly important task as the number of proposals in the literature increases, as cosmologists attempt to explain tensions, anomalies, and the dark sector of the Universe. Our approach provides a clear route for telling apart these different proposals, and offers a new opportunity for using precision cosmological data to efficiently discriminate between cosmological models.

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Phys. Rev. D 114, 083510– Published 7 October, 2026
  • Received 8 April 2026
  • Accepted 18 September 2026
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