- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review D

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Condensate phases of nuclear matter from AdS hardwall models

Akash Singh*

K. P. Yogendran†

  • Department of Physical Sciences, IISER Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Punjab 140306, India

  • Department of Physics and Electronics, Christ University, Hosur Road, Bangalore, India and Department of Physical Sciences, IISER Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Punjab 140306, India

  • *Contact author: akashsingh@iisermohali.ac.in
  • †Contact author: yogendran@iisermohali.ac.in
PDF

Phys. Rev. D 112, 086016 – Published 28 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n6vx-55bz

Abstract

This work develops our previous study of confined phases at finite densities in AdS/QCD by systematically exploring the possibility of baryonic condensates. Using phenomenologically motivated boundary conditions in an AdS hardwall model, we show that both baryonic and quark-type condensates dominate the phase diagram at low temperatures. We also undertake a careful scan of the parameter space to extract robust conclusions.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Confined phases at finite density in the hardwall model

Akash Singh and K. P. Yogendran
Phys. Rev. D 111, 106015 (2025)

Article Text

References (65)

  1. P. Haensel, A. Y. Potekhin, and D. G. Yakovlev, Neutron Stars 1: Equation of State and Structure (Springer, New York, 2007), Vol. 326, 10.1007/978-0-387-47301-7.
  2. C. J. Pethick, Thomas Schaefer, and A. Schwenk, Bose-Einstein condensates in neutron stars (2015).
  3. Mark G. Alford, Andreas Schmitt, Krishna Rajagopal, and Thomas Schäfer, Color superconductivity in dense quark matter, Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1455 (2008).
  4. N. Brambilla et al., QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories: Challenges and perspectives, Eur. Phys. J. C 74, 2981 (2014).
  5. Andreas Schmitt, Dense Matter in Compact Stars: A Pedagogical Introduction (Springer, New York, 2010), Vol. 811, 10.1007/978-3-642-12866-0.
  6. Juan Martin Maldacena, The Large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 231 (1998).
  7. Joshua Erlich, Emanuel Katz, Dam T. Son, and Mikhail A. Stephanov, QCD and a holographic model of hadrons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 261602 (2005).
  8. Andreas Karch, Emanuel Katz, Dam T. Son, and Mikhail A. Stephanov, Linear confinement and AdS/QCD, Phys. Rev. D 74, 015005 (2006).
  9. Matti Jarvinen and Elias Kiritsis, Holographic models for QCD in the Veneziano limit, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2012) 002.
  10. Tadakatsu Sakai and Shigeki Sugimoto, Low energy hadron physics in holographic QCD, Prog. Theor. Phys. 113, 843 (2005).
  11. Tadakatsu Sakai and Shigeki Sugimoto, More on a holographic dual of QCD, Prog. Theor. Phys. 114, 1083 (2005).
  12. Andreas Karch and Emanuel Katz, Adding flavor to AdS/CFT, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2002) 043.
  13. Andreas Karch and Andy O’Bannon, Holographic thermodynamics at finite baryon density: Some exact results, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2007) 074.
  14. Martin Kruczenski, David Mateos, Robert C. Myers, and David J. Winters, Meson spectroscopy in AdS/CFT with flavor, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2003) 049.
  15. Neil R. Constable and Robert C. Myers, Exotic scalar states in the AdS/CFT correspondence, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (1999) 020.
  16. Akash Singh and K. P. Yogendran, Phases of a 10-D holographic hard wall model, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2023) 168.
  17. P. Kovtun, Dan T. Son, and Andrei O. Starinets, Viscosity in strongly interacting quantum field theories from black hole physics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 111601 (2005).
  18. S. S. Afonin and T. D. Solomko, Towards a theory of bottom-up holographic models for linear Regge trajectories of light mesons, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 195 (2022).
  19. C. A. Ballon Bayona, Henrique Boschi-Filho, Nelson R. F. Braga, and Leopoldo A. Pando Zayas, On a holographic model for confinement/deconfinement, Phys. Rev. D 77, 046002 (2008).
  20. E. Megias, H. J. Pirner, and K. Veschgini, QCD thermodynamics using five-dimensional gravity, Phys. Rev. D 83, 056003 (2011).
  21. Oliver DeWolfe, Steven S. Gubser, and Christopher Rosen, A holographic critical point, Phys. Rev. D 83, 086005 (2011).
  22. Youngman Kim, Ik Jae Shin, Chang-Hwan Lee, and Mew-Bing Wan, Explicit flavor symmetry breaking and holographic compact stars, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 66, 578 (2015).
  23. Carlos Hoyos, David Rodríguez Fernández, Niko Jokela, and Aleksi Vuorinen, Holographic quark matter and neutron stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 032501 (2016).
  24. Niko Jokela, Matti Järvinen, and Jere Remes, Holographic QCD in the Veneziano limit and neutron stars, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2019) 041.
  25. Eemeli Annala, Tyler Gorda, Aleksi Kurkela, Joonas Nättilä, and Aleksi Vuorinen, Evidence for quark-matter cores in massive neutron stars, Nat. Phys. 16, 907 (2020).
  26. Kazem Bitaghsir Fadafan, Jesús Cruz Rojas, and Nick Evans, Deconfined, Massive quark phase at high density and compact stars: A holographic study, Phys. Rev. D 101, 126005 (2020).
  27. Luis A. H. Mamani, Cesar V. Flores, and Vilson T. Zanchin, Phase diagram and compact stars in a holographic QCD model, Phys. Rev. D 102, 066006 (2020).
  28. Kazem Bitaghsir Fadafan, Jesús Cruz Rojas, and Nick Evans, Holographic quark matter with colour superconductivity and a stiff equation of state for compact stars, Phys. Rev. D 103, 026012 (2021).
  29. Nicolas Kovensky, Aaron Poole, and Andreas Schmitt, Building a realistic neutron star from holography, Phys. Rev. D 105, 034022 (2022).
  30. Carlos Hoyos, Niko Jokela, and Aleksi Vuorinen, Holographic approach to compact stars and their binary mergers, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 126, 103972 (2022).
  31. Kazuo Ghoroku, Kouji Kashiwa, Yoshimasa Nakano, Motoi Tachibana, and Fumihiko Toyoda, Stiff equation of state for a holographic nuclear matter as instanton gas, Phys. Rev. D 104, 126002 (2021).
  32. Tuna Demircik, Christian Ecker, and Matti Järvinen, Dense and hot QCD at strong coupling, Phys. Rev. X 12, 041012 (2022).
  33. Mauricio Hippert, Joaquin Grefa, T. Andrew Manning, Jorge Noronha, Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler, Israel Portillo Vazquez, Claudia Ratti, Romulo Rougemont, and Michael Trujillo, Bayesian location of the QCD critical point from a holographic perspective, Phys. Rev. D 110, 094006 (2024).
  34. Lorenzo Bartolini and Sven Bjarke Gudnason, Neutron stars in the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2023) 209.
  35. Nelson R. F. Braga and Octavio C. Junqueira, Hawking-Page transition in holographic QCD at finite density, Phys. Lett. B 855, 138813 (2024).
  36. Mark Alford and Armen Sedrakian, Compact stars with sequential QCD phase transitions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161104 (2017).
  37. Gordon Baym, Tetsuo Hatsuda, Toru Kojo, Philip D. Powell, Yifan Song, and Tatsuyuki Takatsuka, From hadrons to quarks in neutron stars: A review, Rep. Prog. Phys. 81, 056902 (2018).
  38. Kie Sang Jeong, Larry McLerran, and Srimoyee Sen, Dynamically generated momentum space shell structure of quarkyonic matter via an excluded volume model, Phys. Rev. C 101, 035201 (2020).
  39. Lee Lindblom, Causal representations of neutron-star equations of state, Phys. Rev. D 97, 123019 (2018).
  40. Lorenzo Bartolini, Sven Bjarke Gudnason, Josef Leutgeb, and Anton Rebhan, Neutron stars and phase diagram in a hard-wall AdS/QCD model, Phys. Rev. D 105, 126014 (2022).
  41. Akash Singh and K. P. Yogendran, Confined phases at finite density in the Hardwall model, Phys. Rev. D 111, 106015 (2025).
  42. Christopher P. Herzog, A holographic prediction of the deconfinement temperature, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 091601 (2007).
  43. Sean A. Hartnoll, Christopher P. Herzog, and Gary T. Horowitz, Holographic superconductors, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2008) 015.
  44. Igor R. Klebanov and Edward Witten, AdS/CFT correspondence and symmetry breaking, Nucl. Phys. B556, 89 (1999).
  45. John McGreevy, Holographic duality with a view toward many-body physics, Adv. High Energy Phys. 2010, 723105 (2010).
  46. Steven S. Gubser, Breaking an Abelian gauge symmetry near a black hole horizon, Phys. Rev. D 78, 065034 (2008).
  47. Yosuke Imamura, Baryon mass and phase transitions in large N gauge theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 100, 1263 (1998).
  48. A. Brandhuber, N. Itzhaki, J. Sonnenschein, and S. Yankielowicz, Baryons from supergravity, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (1998) 020.
  49. Alexander Gorsky, Sven Bjarke Gudnason, and Alexander Krikun, Baryon and chiral symmetry breaking in holographic QCD, Phys. Rev. D 91, 126008 (2015).
  50. Salvatore Fiorilla, Norbert Kaiser, and Wolfram Weise, Chiral thermodynamics of nuclear matter, Nucl. Phys. A880, 65 (2012).
  51. Larry McLerran, A pedagogical discussion of quarkyonic matter and its implication for neutron stars, Acta Phys. Pol. B 51, 1067 (2020).
  52. Larry D. McLerran, Lecture on quarkyonic effective field theory, Acta Phys. Pol. B 52, 229 (2021).
  53. M. Asakawa and K. Yazaki, Chiral restoration at finite density and temperature, Nucl. Phys. A504, 668 (1989).
  54. Armen Sedrakian and John W. Clark, Superfluidity in nuclear systems and neutron stars, Eur. Phys. J. A 55, 167 (2019).
  55. Hiroaki Abuki, Gordon Baym, Tetsuo Hatsuda, and Naoki Yamamoto, The NJL model of dense three-flavor matter with axial anomaly: the low temperature critical point and BEC-BCS diquark crossover, Phys. Rev. D 81, 125010 (2010).
  56. Mark G. Alford, Krishna Rajagopal, and Frank Wilczek, Color flavor locking and chiral symmetry breaking in high density QCD, Nucl. Phys. B537, 443 (1999).
  57. Roopa D’Almeida and K. P. Yogendran, Thermodynamic properties of holographic superfluids (2018).
  58. Pallab Basu, Chethan Krishnan, and P. N. Bala Subramanian, Phases of global AdS black holes, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2016) 139.
  59. Robert L. Jaffe, Perhaps a stable dihyperon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 195 (1977); 38, 617(E) (1977).
  60. Murray Gell-Mann, A schematic model of baryons and mesons, Phys. Lett. 8, 214 (1964).
  61. Hua-Xing Chen, Wei Chen, Xiang Liu, and Shi-Lin Zhu, The hidden-charm pentaquark and tetraquark states, Phys. Rep. 639, 1 (2016).
  62. Nicolas Kovensky and Andreas Schmitt, Isospin asymmetry in holographic baryonic matter, SciPost Phys. 11, 029 (2021).
  63. Akash Singh. Tables and figures for “condensate phases of nuclear matter from ads hardwall models”, 2025, 10.5281/zenodo.17300270.
  64. Julian Sonner and Benjamin Withers, A gravity derivation of the Tisza-Landau Model in AdS/CFT, Phys. Rev. D 82, 026001 (2010).
  65. Sebastian de Haro, Sergey N. Solodukhin, and Kostas Skenderis, Holographic reconstruction of space-time and renormalization in the AdS/CFT correspondence, Commun. Math. Phys. 217, 595 (2001).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. D 112, 086016– Published 28 October, 2025
  • Received 9 February 2025
  • Accepted 2 October 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation