Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

New algorithms for Feynman integral reduction and epsilon-factorized differential equations

Iris Bree1, Federico Gasparotto2, Antonela Matijašić1, Pouria Mazloumi1, Dmytro Melnichenko1, Sebastian Pögel3, Toni Teschke1, Xing Wang4, Stefan Weinzierl1 et al. (ϵ Collaboration)

Stefan Weinzierl1, Konglong Wu5, and Xiaofeng Xu6 (ϵ Collaboration)

Phys. Rev. D 113, 116019 – Published 15 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mjpn-61yv

Abstract

In this paper, we give a detailed account of the algorithm outlined in [I. Bree et al. (ϵ Collaboration), companion Letter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 241602 (2026).] for Feynman integral reduction and ϵ-factorized differential equations. The algorithm consists of two steps. In the first step, we use a new geometric order relation in the integration-by-parts reduction to obtain a basis of master integrals, whose differential equations on the maximal cut are of a Laurent polynomial form in the regularization parameter ϵ and compatible with a filtration. This step works entirely with rational functions. In a second step, we provide a method to ϵ-factorize the aforementioned Laurent differential equations. The second step may introduce algebraic and transcendental functions. We illustrate the versatility of the algorithm by applying it to different examples with a wide range of complexity.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Geometric Bookkeeping Guide to Feynman Integral Reduction and ϵ-Factorized Differential Equations

Iris Bree, Federico Gasparotto, Antonela Matijašić, Pouria Mazloumi, Dmytro Melnichenko, Sebastian Pögel, Toni Teschke, Xing Wang, Stefan Weinzierl, Konglong Wu, and Xiaofeng Xu (ϵ Collaboration)
Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 241602 (2026)

Article Text

References (115)

  1. E. D’Hoker, M. Hidding, and O. Schlotterer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 021602 (2024).
  2. R. Marzucca, A. J. McLeod, B. Page, S. Pögel, and S. Weinzierl, Phys. Rev. D 109, L031901 (2024).
  3. L. de la Cruz and P. Vanhove, Lett. Math. Phys. 114, 89 (2024).
  4. K. Baune, J. Broedel, E. Im, A. Lisitsyn, and F. Zerbini, J. Phys. A 57, 445202 (2024).
  5. K. Baune, J. Broedel, E. Im, A. Lisitsyn, and Y. Moeckli, SciPost Phys. 18, 093 (2025).
  6. H. Jockers, S. Kotlewski, P. Kuusela, A. J. McLeod, S. Pögel, M. Sarve, X. Wang, and S. Weinzierl, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2025) 030.
  7. T. Gehrmann, J. Henn, P. Jakubčík, J. Lim, C. C. Mella, N. Syrrakos, L. Tancredi, and W. J. Torres Bobadilla, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2024) 215.
  8. S. Pögel, X. Wang, S. Weinzierl, K. Wu, and X. Xu, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2024) 084.
  9. C. Duhr, F. Porkert, C. Semper, and S. F. Stawinski, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2025) 053.
  10. F. Gasparotto, P. Mazloumi, and X. Xu, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2025) 043.
  11. C. Duhr, F. Porkert, and S. F. Stawinski, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2025) 014.
  12. E. D’Hoker, B. Enriquez, O. Schlotterer, and F. Zerbini, Commun. Math. Phys. 407, 43 (2026).
  13. E. D’Hoker and O. Schlotterer, J. Phys. A 58, 33LT01 (2025).
  14. C. Duhr and S. Maggio, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2025) 250.
  15. C. Duhr, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2025) 218.
  16. M. Becchetti, C. Dlapa, and S. Zoia, Phys. Rev. D 112, L031501 (2025).
  17. C. Duhr, S. Maggio, C. Nega, B. Sauer, L. Tancredi, and F. J. Wagner, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2025) 128.
  18. E. Chaubey and V. Sotnikov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 101903 (2025).
  19. F. V. Tkachov, Phys. Lett. 100B, 65 (1981).
  20. K. G. Chetyrkin and F. V. Tkachov, Nucl. Phys. B192, 159 (1981).
  21. S. Laporta, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 15, 5087 (2000).
  22. A. von Manteuffel and C. Studerus, arXiv:1201.4330.
  23. A. V. Smirnov, Comput. Phys. Commun. 189, 182 (2015).
  24. P. Maierhöfer, J. Usovitsch, and P. Uwer, Comput. Phys. Commun. 230, 99 (2018).
  25. Z. Wu, J. Boehm, R. Ma, H. Xu, and Y. Zhang, Comput. Phys. Commun. 295, 108999 (2024).
  26. X. Guan, X. Liu, Y.-Q. Ma, and W.-H. Wu, Comput. Phys. Commun. 310, 109538 (2025).
  27. A. V. Kotikov, Phys. Lett. B 254, 158 (1991).
  28. A. V. Kotikov, Phys. Lett. B 267, 123 (1991); 295, 409(E) (1992).
  29. E. Remiddi, Nuovo Cimento A 110, 1435 (1997).
  30. T. Gehrmann and E. Remiddi, Nucl. Phys. B580, 485 (2000).
  31. J. M. Henn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 251601 (2013).
  32. K.-T. Chen, Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 83, 831 (1977).
  33. X. Liu and Y.-Q. Ma, Comput. Phys. Commun. 283, 108565 (2023).
  34. X. Liu, Y.-Q. Ma, and C.-Y. Wang, Phys. Lett. B 779, 353 (2018).
  35. Z.-F. Liu and Y.-Q. Ma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 222001 (2022).
  36. J. Henn, A. Matijašić, J. Miczajka, T. Peraro, Y. Xu, and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 031601 (2025).
  37. L. Adams and S. Weinzierl, Phys. Lett. B 781, 270 (2018).
  38. I. Hönemann, K. Tempest, and S. Weinzierl, Phys. Rev. D 98, 113008 (2018); 110, 059901(E) (2024).
  39. C. Bogner, S. Müller-Stach, and S. Weinzierl, Nucl. Phys. B954, 114991 (2020).
  40. H. Müller and S. Weinzierl, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2022) 101.
  41. M. Giroux and A. Pokraka, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2023) 155.
  42. C. Dlapa, J. M. Henn, and F. J. Wagner, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2023) 120.
  43. L. Görges, C. Nega, L. Tancredi, and F. J. Wagner, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2023) 206.
  44. M. Delto, C. Duhr, L. Tancredi, and Y. J. Zhu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 231904 (2024).
  45. X. Jiang, X. Wang, L. L. Yang, and J. Zhao, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2023) 187.
  46. T. Ahmed, E. Chaubey, M. Kaur, and S. Maggio, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 064.
  47. M. Giroux, A. Pokraka, F. Porkert, and Y. Sohnle, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 239.
  48. C. Duhr, F. Gasparotto, C. Nega, L. Tancredi, and S. Weinzierl, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2024) 020.
  49. N. Schwanemann and S. Weinzierl, SciPost Phys. 18, 172 (2025).
  50. R. Marzucca, A. J. McLeod, and C. Nega, Phys. Rev. D 112, 113007 (2025).
  51. M. Becchetti, F. Coro, C. Nega, L. Tancredi, and F. J. Wagner, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2025) 033.
  52. T. Ahmed, A. Chakraborty, E. Chaubey, and M. Kaur, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 106.
  53. J. Chen, L. L. Yang, and Y. Zhang, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2026) 077.
  54. F. Coro, C. Nega, L. Tancredi, and F. J. Wagner, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2026) 090.
  55. S. Pögel, X. Wang, and S. Weinzierl, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2023) 117.
  56. S. Pögel, X. Wang, and S. Weinzierl, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2022) 062.
  57. S. Pögel, X. Wang, and S. Weinzierl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 101601 (2023).
  58. C. Duhr, A. Klemm, C. Nega, and L. Tancredi, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2023) 228.
  59. F. Forner, C. Nega, and L. Tancredi, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2025) 148.
  60. H. Frellesvig, R. Morales, S. Pögel, S. Weinzierl, and M. Wilhelm, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2025) 209.
  61. S. Maggio and Y. Sohnle, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2025) 202.
  62. C. Duhr, S. Maggio, F. Porkert, C. Semper, and S. F. Stawinski, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2025) 034.
  63. S. Pögel, T. Teschke, X. Wang, and S. Weinzierl, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2026) 021.
  64. J. Moser, Math. Z. 1, 379 (1959).
  65. R. N. Lee, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2015) 108.
  66. R. N. Lee and A. A. Pomeransky, arXiv:1707.07856.
  67. M. Prausa, Comput. Phys. Commun. 219, 361 (2017).
  68. O. Gituliar and V. Magerya, Comput. Phys. Commun. 219, 329 (2017).
  69. C. Meyer, Comput. Phys. Commun. 222, 295 (2018).
  70. I. Bree et al. (ϵ Collaboration), companion Letter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 241602 (2026).
  71. D. Chicherin and V. Sotnikov, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 167.
  72. D. Chicherin, V. Sotnikov, and S. Zoia, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2022) 096.
  73. M. Hidding, Comput. Phys. Commun. 269, 108125 (2021).
  74. T. Armadillo, R. Bonciani, S. Devoto, N. Rana, and A. Vicini, Comput. Phys. Commun. 282, 108545 (2023).
  75. R. M. Prisco, J. Ronca, and F. Tramontano, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2025) 219.
  76. P. Petit Rosàs and W. J. Torres Bobadilla, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2025) 210.
  77. J. Drummond, J. Foster, and Ö. Gürdoğan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 161601 (2018).
  78. D. Chicherin, J. M. Henn, and G. Papathanasiou, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 091603 (2021).
  79. A. Pokraka, M. Spradlin, A. Volovich, and H.-C. Weng, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2026) 120.
  80. A. Kristensson, M. Wilhelm, and C. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 251603 (2021).
  81. M. Wilhelm and C. Zhang, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2023) 089.
  82. I. Bree et al. (ϵ Collaboration), arXiv:2602.10651.
  83. I. Bree et al. (ϵ Collaboration), arXiv:2603.03649.
  84. M. Yoshida, Hypergeometric Functions, My Love (Vieweg, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1997).
  85. K. Aomoto and M. Kita, Theory of Hypergeometric Functions (Springer, New York, 2011).
  86. P. Deligne, Actes du congrès international des mathématiciens, in Nice (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1970).
  87. P. Deligne, Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. 40, 5 (1971).
  88. P. Deligne, Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. 44, 5 (1974).
  89. J. Carlson, S. Müller-Stach, and C. Peters, Period Mappings and Period Domains (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2003).
  90. C. Voisin, Théorie de Hodge et géométrie algébrique complexe (Société Mathématique de France, Marseille, 2002).
  91. P. Mastrolia and S. Mizera, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2019) 139.
  92. H. Frellesvig, F. Gasparotto, M. K. Mandal, P. Mastrolia, L. Mattiazzi, and S. Mizera, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 201602 (2019).
  93. P. A. Baikov, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 389, 347 (1997).
  94. H. Frellesvig and C. G. Papadopoulos, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2017) 083.
  95. H. Frellesvig, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2025) 111.
  96. R. N. Lee and A. A. Pomeransky, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2013) 165.
  97. P. A. Griffiths, Ann. of Math. 90, 460 (1969).
  98. H. Hironaka, Ann. Math. 79, 109 (1964).
  99. T. Binoth and G. Heinrich, Nucl. Phys. B585, 741 (2000).
  100. C. Bogner and S. Weinzierl, Comput. Phys. Commun. 178, 596 (2008).
  101. A. V. Smirnov and V. A. Smirnov, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2009) 004.
  102. T. Kaneko and T. Ueda, Comput. Phys. Commun. 181, 1352 (2010).
  103. J. Böhm, A. Georgoudis, K. J. Larsen, M. Schulze, and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 98, 025023 (2018).
  104. P. Griffiths, Am. J. Math. 90, 568 (1968).
  105. P. Griffiths, Am. J. Math. 90, 808 (1968).
  106. F. Cachazo, arXiv:0803.1988.
  107. N. Arkani-Hamed, J. L. Bourjaily, F. Cachazo, and J. Trnka, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2012) 125.
  108. S. Weinzierl, Feynman Integrals. A Comprehensive Treatment for Students and Researchers UNITEXT for Physics (Springer, New York, 2022).
  109. T. Gehrmann, J. M. Henn, and N. A. Lo Presti, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2018) 103.
  110. F. Gasparotto, S. Weinzierl, and X. Xu, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2023) 128.
  111. C. Duhr, S. Maggio, F. Porkert, C. Semper, Y. Sohnle, and S. F. Stawinski, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2026) 211.
  112. K. Aomoto and Y. Machida, J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 67, 609 (2015).
  113. T. Peraro, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2019) 031.
  114. F. Lange, J. Usovitsch, and Z. Wu, Comput. Phys. Commun. 322, 109999 (2026).
  115. S. Smith and M. Zeng, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2026) 102.

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation